module 1

The most reliable means of obtaining nursing knowledge is through:

A. Trial and error

B. Tradition

C. Scientific research

D. Authority

C. Scientific research

Applied research

A. Often leads to basic research

B. Depends on the existence of healthy participants

C. Usually occurs in a laboratory

D. Is not usually based on an immediate practical need

A. Often leads to basic research

The major reason for conducting nursing research is to:

A. Promote evidence-based care for patients/clients

B. Promote the growth of the nursing profession

C. Document the cost-effectiveness of nursing care

D. Ensure accountability for nursing practice

A. Promote evidence-based care for patients/clients

What statement explains how research is establishing the credibility of nursing as a profession?

A. Nursing has traditionally borrowed knowledge from the natural sciences

B. Through research, nursing has been establishing a body of knowledge that is distinct from other professions

C. Nurses were included on the Gallup Poll as professionals with an ethical standard

D. The nursing profession exists to provide service to society

B. Through research, nursing has been establishing a body of knowledge that is distinct from other professions

What type of research provides a statistical analysis of the relationships among variables?

A. Quantitative research studies

B. Qualitative research studies

C. A tightly controlled study

D. A cost-effectiveness study

A. Quantitative research studies

Describe the usual setting for research during a qualitative study.

A. The setting is usually a remote place where the participant responds to a survey

B. A small number of participants usually share their information in a natural setting

C. Large numbers of participants respond to computer-based surveys from their homes

D. A proctored and quiet test setting is used to collect information

B. A small number of participants usually share their information in a natural setting

What is a graduate of a practice-focused doctoral nursing program academically prepared to do? (Select all that apply)

A. Use advanced leadership knowledge

B. Evaluate research

C. Translate research into practice

D. Begin an independent program of research

E. Carry out research

A. Use advanced leadership knowledge

B. Evaluate research

C. Translate research into practice

All nurses should be able to:

A. Identify researchable problems for nursing research studies

B. Explain the details of a medical research study to potential participants

C. Determine when most study findings are ready for use in nursing practice

D. Confidently critique the majority of published nursing research studies

A. Identify researchable problems for nursing research studies

As nurses first began to receive advanced educational preparation and became qualified to conduct research, many of their studies concerned:

A. Nursing education

B. Characteristics of nurses

C. Nursing administration

D. Nursing care

A. Nursing education

First Nursing Research Journal:

A. Nursing Research

B. Qualitative Nursing Research

C. Clinical Nursing Research

D. Biological Research for Nursing

A. Nursing Research

Nursing Research Definition

The systematic, objective process of analyzing phenomena of importance to nursing.

Clinical Nursing Research Definition

Nursing research studies involving clients or that have potential for affecting clients.

Empirical Data Defintion

Objective data gathered through the sense organs.

Basic Research Definition

Conducted to generate knowledge rather than to solve immediate problems.

Applied Research Definition

Conducted to find a solution to an immediate practice problem.

Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Definition

Nursing practice based on the best available evidence, particularly research findings.

Quantitative Research Definition

Concerned with objectivity, tight controls over the research situation, and the ability to generalize findings.

Qualitative Research Definition

Concerned with the subjective meaning of an experience to an individual.

What person or organization is generally credited with starting the movement toward evidence-based practice?

A. Archie Cochrane

B. David Sackett

C. Cochrane Collaboration

D. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research

A. Archie Cochrane

Integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external evidence from systematic research is known as:

A. Nursing theory

B. Evidence-based practice

C. Quantitative analysis

D. Nursing judgment

B. Evidence-based practice

The purpose of evidence-based practice is to:

A. Improve client outcomes

B. Ensure research funding

C. Support traditions

D. Validate authority

C. Support traditions

First step of the evidence-based practice process:

A. Ask the clinical question

B. Critically appraise the evidence

C. Integrate findings

D. Evaluate outcomes

A. Ask the clinical question

What type of research design focuses on cause-and-effect relationships?

A. Experimental

B. Descriptive

C. Correlational

D. Phenomenological

D. Phenomenological

What type of research design explores relationships between variables without manipulation?

A. Experimental

B. Correlational

C. Quasi-experimental

D. Historical

B. Correlational

What is the gold standard for evidence in clinical research?

A. Case study

B. Cohort study

C. Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

D. Qualitative interview

C. Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Highest level of evidence on the evidence hierarchy:

A. Expert opinion

B. Cohort studies

C. Qualitative research

D. Systematic reviews & meta-analyses

D. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Systematic Review Definition

A rigorous scientific approach combining results from multiple studies; summarizes many studies at once while focusing on one area of interest.

Measures Definition

Strategies that show whether standards for prevention, screening, and managing health conditions are met.

Refers to the extent that findings can be applied to other populations or settings:

A. Validity

B. Generalizability

C. Reliability

D. Dependability

B. Generalizability

A variable that changes as a result of the independent variable is called the:

A. Dependent variable

B. Control variable

C. Extraneous variable

D. Constant

A. Dependent variable

Sampling method giving every subject an equal chance of selection:

A. Convenience

B. Quota

C. Random

D. Snowball

C. Random

Detailed description of the research process so others can replicate it is the:

A. Hypothesis

B. Literature review

C. Methodology

D. Findings

C. Methodology

Review of relevant studies that supports the need for a current study is the:

A. Literature review

B. Discussion

C. Abstract

D. Conclusion

A. Literature review

Section that interprets results and compares them with previous research:

A. Introduction

B. Methodology

C. Discussion

D. Abstract

C. Discussion

Statement predicting the relationship between variables:

A. Hypothesis

B. Problem statement

C. Research question

D. Purpose

A. Hypothesis

Research design that manipulates the independent variable:

A. Experimental

B. Descriptive

C. Correlational

D. Phenomenological

A. Experimental

Literature review that summarizes multiple studies on a topic:

A. Narrative review

B. Systematic review

C. Case study

D. Concept analysis

B. Systematic review

The abstract in a research report should:

A. Provide a brief summary of purpose, design, and findings

B. Present detailed data tables

C. Explain limitations only

D. Include all literature reviewed

A. Provide a brief summary of the study

A variable that confuses or obscures the relationship being studied is a:

A. Independent variable

B. Extraneous variable

C. Dependent variable

D. Demographic variable

B. Extraneous variable

The part of a research article that presents implications for practice is the:

A. Discussion

B. Abstract

C. Literature review

D. Introduction

A. Discussion

Translation Science Definition

The study of implementation interventions, factors, and contextual variables that affect how knowledge is used in practice and communities.

Translational Research Definition

Evidence that has been incorporated into guidelines used in clinical settings.

The nurse researcher's primary responsibility is to protect:

A. The rights of human subjects

B. The reputation of the institution

C. The funding source

D. The profession

A. The rights of human subjects

The ethical principle of autonomy means:

A. Doing good and preventing harm

B. Respecting an individual's right to make decisions

C. Treating all participants equally

D. Ensuring truthful data

B. Respecting an individual's right to make decisions

The principle of justice means:

A. Protecting from harm

B. Keeping information private

C. Allowing self-determination

D. Treating participants fairly and equally

D. Treating participants fairly and equally

Informed consent requires that participants:

A. Sign a form only if pressured

B. Receive adequate information to make a voluntary choice

C. Participate anonymously

D. Be selected randomly

B. Receive adequate information to make a voluntary choice

What ethical principle is violated if a researcher causes harm to participants?

A. Justice

B. Autonomy

C. Beneficence

D. Confidentiality

C. Beneficence

Which group must review research involving human subjects?

A. Institutional Review Board (IRB)

B. Ethics Committee of Nurses

C. Quality Assurance Team

D. Hospital Board of Trustees

A. Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A group considered at increased risk during research is called a:

A. General sample

B. Population subset

C. Vulnerable population

D. Random group

C. Vulnerable population

The ethical principle that requires honesty in reporting data is:

A. Justice

B. Autonomy

C. Beneficence

D. Veracity

D. Veracity

Fabricating data in research is:

A. Making up data for deception

B. Losing data accidentally

C. Using incorrect statistics

D. Publishing prematurely

A. Making up data for deception

Confidentiality in research means:

A. Participants are anonymous to everyone

B. Only researchers know participants' identities

C. Subjects are publicly identified

D. Data are shared without consent

B. Only researchers know participants' identities

Anonymity in research means:

A. The identity of subjects is unknown even to the researcher

B. The researcher conceals data

C. Data are coded for analysis

D. Results are confidential

A. The identity of subjects is unknown even to the researcher

The federal law that protects patient health information is:

A. Affordable Care Act

B. Nursing Reform Act

C. HIPAA

D. CMS Statute

C. HIPAA

Beneficence requires the researcher to:

A. Protect participants from harm

B. Maintain confidentiality

C. Ensure random selection

D. Report all data accurately

A. Protect participants from harm

Translation Science focuses on:

A. Laboratory findings

B. How research evidence is implemented in practice

C. Theoretical frameworks

D. Survey designs

B. How research evidence is implemented in practice

Translational Research focuses on:

A. Data collection

B. Laboratory testing

C. Human subject ethics

D. Using evidence in clinical guidelines

D. Using evidence in clinical guidelines

A systematic review combines results from:

A. Multiple research studies

B. One study only

C. Qualitative data alone

D. Non-research sources

A. Multiple research studies

Measures are:

A. Data collection tools

B. Variables of interest

C. Strategies to show whether standards for prevention, screening, and management are met

D. Hypotheses

C. Strategies to show whether standards are met

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is responsible for:

A. Funding grants

B. Reviewing and approving research involving human subjects

C. Disseminating results

D. Recruiting participants

B. Reviewing and approving research involving human subjects

Institutional Review Board (IRB) Definition

An administrative body established to review and approve research that studies human subjects under an institution's authority.

Vulnerable Population Definition

Parts of the population facing increased risks compared with the general population (e.g., pregnant women, children, infants).

Beneficence Definition

The principle that participants should be protected from harm.

Fabrication Definition

Making up data for the purpose of deception.

Confidentiality Definition

The identity of subjects is known only to the study investigators.

Anonymity Definition

The identity of subjects is unknown, even to the researcher.

HIPAA Definition

A federal law that sets standards for protecting patient health information and includes provisions for health-insurance reform.