AP U.S. History Chapters 19 and 20 Key Concepts and Events and Key People

Chicago School (608)

This was a school dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.

Mutual Aid Society (612)

An urban aid society that served members of an ethnic immigrant group, usually those from a particular province or town.

Race Riot (614)

An attack by white mobs triggered by street altercations or rumors of crime.

Tenement (614)

After middle class families began to move away from the industrial world, houses were torn down. In their place, five or six story buildings that housed twenty or more families in cramped, airless apartments were built in their place.

Vaudeville (615)

A theatrical genre of variety entertainment popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s.

Ragtime (617)

a music genre peaking popularity between 1895 and 1918. Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or "ragged," rhythm. It began as dance music in the red-light districts of African American communities in St. Louis.

Blues (618)

form of American music that originated in the Deep South, especially from black workers in the cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta.

Yellow Journalism (619)

A derogatory term for mass-market newspapers. A style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts.

Muckrakers (619)

Popular journalists who used publicity to expose corruption and attack abuses of power in business and government.

Scott Joplin

a pianist and one of the most important developers of ragtime music.

National Municipal League (624)

A political reform organization that advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations like a corporate executive. progressivism. Advised cities to elect small council and hire professional city managers who could direct operations like a corporate executive.

Progressivism (624)

An overlapping set of movements to combat the ills of industrialization.

“City Beautiful Movement” (626)

Advocated more and better park spaces. they also made room for skating rinks, tennis courts, baseball fields, and swimming pools. Many included play areas with swing sets and seesaws, promoted by the National Playground Association as a way to keep urban children safe and healthy.

Social Settlement Movement (627)

Community welfare centers that raised funds to attend urgent needs and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf. Some attached them self to already existing missions and African American colleges.

Hull House (627)

Most famous social settlement founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr served as a spark plug for community improvements and political reform. Offered a bathhouse, playground, kindergarten, and day care center.

Pure Food and Drug Act (629)

1906 , 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

National Consumers’ League (629)

Formed in the 1890s under the leadership of Florence Kelley, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions for women workers.

Women’s Trade Union League (629)

A cross-class alliance created in 1903 that brought together women workers and middle-class 'allies' Its goal was to organize working women into unions. The WTUL helped working women achieve significant gains. It most notable success came in 1909 in the 'uprising of the twenty thousand' in New York City.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (629)

A fire in 1911 in New York City's Triangle Shirtwaist company. 146 workers, mostly young women, were killed in the Shirtwaist factory fire because they were locked in their work rooms and unable to escape. Employers denied responsibility for their employees well being.

Jacob Riis (625)

Jacob Riis was a Muckraker, this man is famous for using photography to document the incredibly poor conditions of many impoverished communities in the early 20th century. Wrote "How the Other Half Lives"

Jane Addams (627)

a middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses; college educated (one of first generation); established the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 (most prominent American settlement house, mostly for immigrants); condemned war and poverty; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Margaret Sanger (628)

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy.

Upton Sinclair (629)

A muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen. 16th Amendment.

Florence Kelley (629)

A lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. Served as a general secretary of the National Consumers League. Led the women of Hull House into a successful lobby in 1893 for an Illinois anti sweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor.

Political Machine (619)

Local party bureaucracies that kept an unshakable grip on both elected and appointed public offices.

Tom Johnson (624)

An advocate for municipal ownership of utilities and a tax system in which “monopoly and privilege” bore the main burdens.

“Waving the Bloody Shirt” (638)

An advocate for municipal ownership of utilities and a tax system in which “monopoly and privilege” bore the main burdens

Gilded Age (638)

spanned from the 1870s to the 1890s, was a period of rapid industrialization and economic growth in the United States.

Pendleton Act (638)

the federal legislation that created a system in which federal employees were chosen based upon competitive exams

Mugwumps (639)

A political movement comprising Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884.

Sherman Antitrust Act (642)

Law that stated government opposition to monopolies, prohibits conspiracies in restraint of trade.

Lodge Bill (642)

Law that stated government opposition to monopolies, prohibits conspiracies in restraint of trade.

Omaha Platform (643)

Populist Party platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.

Mary E. Lease (636)

American lecturer, writer, and political activist best known for her work with the Populist Party.

Free SIlver (645)

A major policy issue in the late 19th century, advocates for free silver wanted an inflation in monetary policy using the free coinage of silver.

Williams v. Mississippi (645)

The US Supreme Court upheld the poll tax, disenfranchisement clauses, literacy tests, and the grandfather clause, all of which were features of the 1890 Mississippi Constitution and statutes.

Solid South (646)

The post-Reconstruction goal --achieved by the early twentieth century -- of almost complete electoral control of the South by the Democratic Party.

Lochner c. New York (649)

A setback from labor reformers, this 1905 Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. Held that the “Right to Free Contract” was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

William Jennings Bryan (647)

A politician who was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party. Did not support the Gold Standard, railroads, or banks. Supporter of populist Dem. Promoted Free Silver, anti-imperialism, and trust-busting.

Newlands Reclamation Act (651)

1902 law, supported by Teddy Roosevelt, that allowed the federal government to sell public lands to raise money for irrigation projects that expanded agriculture on arid lands.

Wisconsin Idea (652)

a policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations.

Recall (652)

pioneering progressive idea, enacted in Wisconsin, Oregon, California, and other states, that gave citizens the right to remove unpopular politicians from office through a vote.

Referendum (652)

process of voting directly on a proposed policy measure rather than leaving it in the hands of elected legislators; progressive reform.

National Child Labor Comittee (652)

reform organization that worked (unsuccessfully) to win federal law banning child labor; hired Lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where thousands of children worked.

Muller v. Oregon (652)

1908 Supreme Court case that upheld an Oregon law limiting women's workday to ten hours, based on the need to protect women's health for motherhood; this case complicated the earlier decision on Lochner and New York, laying out grounds on which states could intervene to protect workers. It divided women's rights activists, because some saw its provisions as discriminatory.

Talented Tenth (655)

term used by Harvard educated sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois for the top 10% of educated African Americans, whom he called on to develop new strategies to advocate for civil rights.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (655)

founded in 1910 by leading African American reformers and white allies as a vehicle for advocating equal rights for African Americans, especially through the courts.

Industrial Workers of the World (655)

aka Wobblies, an umbrella union and radical political group founded in 1905, dedicated to organizing unskilled workers to oppose capitalism; it advocated direct action by workers, including sabotage and general strikes.

New Nationalism (656)

promoted government intervention to enhance public welfare, including a federal child labor law, more recognition of labor rights, a national minimum wage for women, women's suffrage, and curbs on the power of federal courts to stop reform.

Federal Reserve Act (662)

An act that created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board.

Clayton Antitrust Act (662)

The Clayton Antitrust Act is an amendment passed by U.S. Congress in 1914 that provided further clarification and substance to the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 on topics such as price discrimination, price fixing and unfair business practices.