Digestive and Urinary Systems Flashcards

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Flashcards from lecture notes on the digestive and urinary systems.

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21 Terms

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Nausea

Unpleasant subjective feeling, stimulated by distention, irritation, inflammation of the digestive tract; also by smells, visual images, pain, and chemical toxins and/or drugs.

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Vomiting (Emesis)

Forceful expulsion of chyme from the stomach, sometimes includes bile from the intestine; vomiting center located in the medulla.

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Large-volume diarrhea (secretory or osmotic)

Watery stool resulting from increased secretions into the intestine from the plasma, often related to infection

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Small-volume diarrhea

Often caused by inflammatory bowel disease; stool may contain blood, mucus, pus.

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Steatorrhea – “fatty diarrhea”

Frequent bulky, greasy, loose stools; foul odor; characteristic of malabsorption syndromes (celiac disease, cystic fibrosis).

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Frank blood

Red blood, usually from lesions in the rectum or anal canal

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Occult blood

Small hidden amounts of blood, detectable with stool test; may be caused by small bleeding ulcers.

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Melena

Dark-colored, tarry stool; may result from significant bleeding in the upper digestive tract.

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Intestinal Obstruction

Lack of movement of intestinal contents through the intestine.

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Mechanical obstructions

Result from tumors, adhesions, hernias, other tangible obstructions.

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Functional or adynamic obstructions

Result from impairment of peristalsis (spinal cord injury, paralytic ileus).

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Cirrhosis

Fibrotic liver disease resulting in destruction of the liver

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Portal Hypertension

Elevated BP in the portal venous system caused by scar tissue in the liver compressing blood vessels.

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Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)

Crystalization of urine, calcium oxalate crystals causing obstruction.

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Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidneys, causes Type III hypersensitivity reaction, antigen-antibody complex, streptococcal infection.

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Acute Kidney Injury

Sudden decrease in renal function, causes dehydration, direct injury, nephrotoxins, obstruction, inflammation, decreased blood flow.

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Pre-Renal

Problem is above the kidneys, dehydration, decreased blood flow to kidneys

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Intra-Renal

Problem is in the kidneys- direct damage trauma pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis

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Post-Renal

Problem is below the kidneys UTI obstruction

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Chronic Kidney Injury or Disease

Gradual, irreversible destruction of the kidneys caused by diabetes, HTN, nephrotoxins, coronary artery disease.

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GFR: Glomerular filtration rate

How fast kidneys filter blood per minute. Normal = >90 mL/min/1.73 m2