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Flashcards from lecture notes on the digestive and urinary systems.
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Nausea
Unpleasant subjective feeling, stimulated by distention, irritation, inflammation of the digestive tract; also by smells, visual images, pain, and chemical toxins and/or drugs.
Vomiting (Emesis)
Forceful expulsion of chyme from the stomach, sometimes includes bile from the intestine; vomiting center located in the medulla.
Large-volume diarrhea (secretory or osmotic)
Watery stool resulting from increased secretions into the intestine from the plasma, often related to infection
Small-volume diarrhea
Often caused by inflammatory bowel disease; stool may contain blood, mucus, pus.
Steatorrhea – “fatty diarrhea”
Frequent bulky, greasy, loose stools; foul odor; characteristic of malabsorption syndromes (celiac disease, cystic fibrosis).
Frank blood
Red blood, usually from lesions in the rectum or anal canal
Occult blood
Small hidden amounts of blood, detectable with stool test; may be caused by small bleeding ulcers.
Melena
Dark-colored, tarry stool; may result from significant bleeding in the upper digestive tract.
Intestinal Obstruction
Lack of movement of intestinal contents through the intestine.
Mechanical obstructions
Result from tumors, adhesions, hernias, other tangible obstructions.
Functional or adynamic obstructions
Result from impairment of peristalsis (spinal cord injury, paralytic ileus).
Cirrhosis
Fibrotic liver disease resulting in destruction of the liver
Portal Hypertension
Elevated BP in the portal venous system caused by scar tissue in the liver compressing blood vessels.
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
Crystalization of urine, calcium oxalate crystals causing obstruction.
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys, causes Type III hypersensitivity reaction, antigen-antibody complex, streptococcal infection.
Acute Kidney Injury
Sudden decrease in renal function, causes dehydration, direct injury, nephrotoxins, obstruction, inflammation, decreased blood flow.
Pre-Renal
Problem is above the kidneys, dehydration, decreased blood flow to kidneys
Intra-Renal
Problem is in the kidneys- direct damage trauma pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis
Post-Renal
Problem is below the kidneys UTI obstruction
Chronic Kidney Injury or Disease
Gradual, irreversible destruction of the kidneys caused by diabetes, HTN, nephrotoxins, coronary artery disease.
GFR: Glomerular filtration rate
How fast kidneys filter blood per minute. Normal = >90 mL/min/1.73 m2