Statistical Methods and Data Visualization - Key Concepts (Frequency, Descriptives, Crosstab, T-test, ANOVA, Correlation, Regression, Charts)

Flashcards covering frequency tables, descriptive statistics, crosstabs, t-tests, ANOVA, correlations, regression, and charts with fill-in-the-blank prompts.

In a frequency table, the measure that shows the number and percentage of observations in each group is __.

Frequency / Percent

The measure that shows how many percent accumulate up to a given group is __.

Cumulative Percent

The value that is most common in a sample is __.

Mode

An example meaning: '40% of customers choose product A — this is the most __ product'.

popular

Mean is the __ value of all observations.

average

The value in the middle of an ordered data set is __.

Median

If Median ≈ Mean, the distribution is __.

approximately symmetric

If Median < Mean, the distribution is __.

right-skewed

If Median > Mean, the distribution is __.

left-skewed

Std. Dev is a measure of data __; larger values indicate more dispersion.

spread

The Range (Min-Max) shows the difference between the highest and lowest values, i.e., the __ of the data.

range

A Crosstab is used to view the relationship between two __ variables.

categorical

Chi-square Sig. < 0.05 indicates the relationship is __.

statistically significant

T-test compares the means of a continuous variable between two __ groups.

independent samples

If p > 0.05 in a t-test, there is __ a statistically significant difference between the two groups.

no

ANOVA compares the means of a continuous variable across __ groups.

three or more

Post-hoc tests tell you which groups are __ after a significant ANOVA.

different

r > 0 indicates the relationship is __ (positive) and increases together.

positive

r < 0 indicates the relationship is __ (negative) and decreases as one variable rises.

negative

Sig. < 0.05 in a correlation analysis means the relationship is __.

statistically significant

Beta → the __ effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

magnitude and direction

A significant regression result is indicated when Sig. < 0.05, meaning the effect is __.

statistically significant

R² represents the percentage of the variation in the dependent variable that is __ by the model.

explained

β = -0.40, p = 0.001 implies that a one-unit increase in price leads to a __ in buying intention.

decrease

Bar Chart / Pie Chart are used to look at the __ of categories.

distribution

Example: Bar chart shows 60% of customers choose Product A → Product A has the __ market share.

largest