Communication, Language, and Globalization Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering the key definitions, theories, models, cultural aspects, ethics, and strands of communication from the lecture notes.

Communication

The process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal messages (Beebe and Ivy, 2013).

Communicare

The Latin word from which communication originates, meaning "to impart".

Language

A system of conventional spoken symbols, manual (signed) symbols, and written symbols used by human beings to express themselves as members of a social group and culture.

Source/Sender

A living or non-living entity attempting to share information, requiring an origin of information and the ability to transmit it through a channel to a receiver.

Encoding

The process of assembling the message into a representative design to ensure that the receiver can comprehend it.

Decoding

How the receiver is able to understand and interpret the communicated message.

Feedback

The process of ensuring that the receiver has received the message and understood it in the same sense as the sender meant it.

Context

The parts of communication—such as physical, historical, psychological, social, or cultural factors—that influence the meaning of a message.

Semiotics

The systematic study of signs and symbols and how they are used to create and communicate meaning.

Signifier

The physical form of a sign, such as the word "tree," a picture of a tree, or the sound of the word "tree".

Signified

The concept or idea that a signifier represents, such as the mental image or biological category of a tree.

SPEAKING Model

An acronym formulated by Hymes (1974) representing the elements of communication: Situations, Participants, Ends, Act Sequences, Keys, Instrumentalities, Norms, and Genres.

Multimodal Communication

A mode of communication that uses multiple ways to convey a message.

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication that takes place within the individual.

Formal Communication

Official communication that happens in an office or organization through officially designated or pre-defined channels.

Informal Communication

Casual and unofficial communication where information is exchanged spontaneously between two or more persons without prescribed rules.

Transmission (Linear) Model

The standard model that views communication as a one-way pipeline where a sender encodes a message and sends it through a channel to a receiver, measuring success by accuracy without noise.

Psychological Model of Communication

A model that moves focus inside the human head, viewing communication as a process of mental filtering through beliefs, memories, and emotions.

Social Constructionist Model

A model proposing that communication creates the world and builds social reality through shared language and symbols.

Pragmatic Model of Communication

A model viewing communication as a system of interlocking behaviors or a game focused on interactional patterns and rules over time, where "one cannot not communicate."

Cultural Studies Model

The political lens of communication that examines how communication maintains or challenges power dynamics, ideology, and representations in culture and media.

Ethnographic Model

A framework studying how communication practices are embedded within and shaped by specific cultural and social contexts.

Ethics

Principles that guide us in judging whether something is morally right or wrong (Britz, 1996).

Ethical Communication

The practice of conveying honest information in a manner that is not intended to be misleading, treating people fairly, and avoiding immoral or unethical behavior.

Secretive Manipulative Behavior

An unethical language behavior involving exploitative acts that attempt to gain compliance or control through hoarding information and cover-ups (Laserna, 2019).

Globalization

Refers to how people and goods from different nations, cultures, and governments interrelate, describing the movement of goods, people, and ideas across nations.

Archaic Globalization

The slow and scattered phase of globalization occurring before the 16th Century, driven by ancient empires, long-distance trade routes like the Silk Road, and the spice trade.

Proto-Globalization

The empires and trade phase of globalization (16th–18th Centuries) driven by European empires establishing colonies and sea-based trade routes.

Modern Globalization

The modern and rapid phase of globalization in the 19th Century driven by Industrial Revolution technologies such as the steam engine, railroads, and telegraph.

Contemporary Globalization

The fast and instant phase of globalization from the mid-1900s to the present, driven by the internet, smartphones, and digital technologies.

Digital Divide

The inequality in communication technology where a significant portion of the world's population lacks internet access, reinforcing existing social and economic disparities.

Cultural Homogenization

A negative effect of global communication where the dominance of major languages like English and Western media weakens or endangers local languages and traditions.

High-Context Cultures

Cultures (such as Taiwan or South Korea) that rely more on non-verbal communication than verbal communication.

Low-Context Cultures

Cultures (such as the US or Germany) that rely more on verbal communication than non-verbal communication.

Individualism

A cultural orientation common in Western societies that emphasizes personal autonomy, independence, and individual achievement.

Collectivism

A cultural orientation common in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that prioritizes group harmony, interdependence, and community needs.

Cultural Diversity

Also known as multiculturalism; describes a society or community containing multiple, distinct cultures that coexist.

Language Variation

The diverse ways in which a language is used and differs within various social, regional, and contextual settings.

Sociolinguistics

The field that studies the relationships between language and society and how social factors influence language use.

Dialect

A variety of a language spoken by a group of people, defined by its own distinct pronunciation (accent), grammar, and vocabulary.

Regional Dialect (Regiolect)

Language variations based on geographic location, such as Hiligaynon-Iloilo versus Hiligaynon-Negros Occidental.

Social Dialects (Sociolects)

Varieties of language shaped by social factors such as class, age, gender, ethnicity, or community identity.

Status Relationship

The social standing or power dynamic between speakers, determining who holds more authority, respect, or influence in a conversation.

Interpersonal Communication Strand

Direct oral or written two-way communication with others.

Interpretive Communication Strand

The understanding of spoken and written communication within appropriate cultural contexts, functioning as one-way reading or listening.

Presentational Communication Strand

The presentation of information, concepts, and ideas with no immediate interaction, functioning as one-to-many communication.

Macro Communication Skills

Fundamental skills necessary for effective communication in a language, split into productive skills (speaking, writing, representing) and receptive skills (listening, reading, viewing).