1st Quarter Comprehensive Study Guide

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers key concepts from Biology, Religious Studies, Filipino, Philosophy, and Chemistry based on the 1st Quarter study guide.

Biology

The study of living things, derived from the Greek words bios meaning life and logos meaning study.

Paradigm Shift

A fundamental change in how scientists understand and study living systems, transitioning from descriptive to data-driven and interdisciplinary.

Genomics

The study of an organism's entire set of DNA.

Proteomics

The large-scale study of proteins within a biological system.

Bioinformatics

The application of computational tools to analyze biological data.

Systems Biology

An approach to understanding biological systems as a whole rather than just their individual parts.

Synthetic Biology

The field of designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems.

CRISPR

An acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, a technology used for precise gene editing.

Zacharias Janssen

The scientist who invented the first primitive microscope between 1585 and 1632.

Robert Hooke

The scientist who observed cork cells and coined the term cell in 1665.

Francesco Redi

The scientist who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

The scientist who observed microorganisms using his own practical microscope.

Matthias Schleiden

The botanist who proposed that all plants are composed of cells in 1838.

Theodor Schwann

The zoologist who proposed that all animals are composed of cells in 1839.

Rudolf Virchow

The scientist who proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells in 1858.

Cell Theory

The biological principle stating that all living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from existing cells.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The primary component of the cell membrane, consisting of hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid tails.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers, including microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, that provides structural framework to the cell.

Microtubules

Straight, long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin that maintain cell shape and move chromosomes during division.

Microfilaments

Long, flexible fibers composed of actin that facilitate cell and organelle movement.

Intermediate Filaments

Cytoskeletal components that anchor the nucleus and provide structural integrity, notably containing keratin in skin cells.

Nucleolus

A small region within the nucleus made of RNA and proteins where ribosomes are produced.

Ribosomes

Structures composed of RNA and protein responsible for protein synthesis, often called protein factories.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A system of interconnected membranes; the Rough ER produces proteins, while the Smooth ER produces lipids.

Golgi Bodies

Organelles that modify, collect, package, and distribute molecules made in other parts of the cell.

Lysosomes

Organelles known as the cell's cleanup crews, containing digestive enzymes to break down waste.

Mitochondrion

Commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell, it is the site of cellular respiration and ATP production.

Chloroplast

An organelle unique to plants and algae that performs photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Prokaryotes

Organisms from the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaea whose cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes

Organisms including protists, fungi, plants, and animals whose cells contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Epithelial Tissue

Animal tissue that forms inner and outer linings of organs and is specialized for protection, absorption, and secretion.

Connective Tissue

The most abundant animal tissue type, characterized by cells widely spaced in an extracellular matrix; includes bone, blood, and fat.

Muscular Tissue

Tissue composed of specialized cells (skeletal, smooth, or cardiac) that contract to produce movement.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue found in the brain and spinal cord composed of neurons and supporting neuroglia cells.

Meristematic Tissues

Plant tissues found in growing regions composed of actively dividing cells, including apical and lateral meristems.

Xylem

A complex permanent plant tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem

A complex permanent plant tissue responsible for transporting nutrients and sugars from leaves to other plant parts.

Veritas

A Latin term meaning Truth, representing the continuous pursuit of knowledge in Dominican spirituality.

Eucharist

Considered the source and summit of Catholic life, rooted in the Last Supper and representing the Real Presence of Jesus Christ.

Nosce ti ipsum

An ancient Greek saying meaning Know thyself, emphasized by Socrates as essential for personal growth.

ACTS Format

A prayer structure representing Adoration, Contrition, Thanksgiving, and Supplication.

Beatification

A step in the sainthood process occurring after one miracle is recognized, granting the title Blessed.

Canonization

The final step in the sainthood process requiring a second miracle, after which the Holy Father officially declares an individual a Saint.

St. Dominic

Born Domingo de Guzman in 1170, the founder of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans).

Anito

Ancestral spirits in ancient Filipino belief viewed as protectors and intermediaries between humans and the divine.

Diwata

Nature spirits in indigenous Filipino belief associated with natural features like mountains, forests, and rivers.

Babaylan

Traditional Filipino spiritual leaders and healers who mediated between the human world and the spirit world.

Islam

A monotheistic religion meaning surrender or submission to God, based on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the Quran.

Buddhism

A tradition founded by Siddhartha Gautama focused on eliminating suffering ($Dukkha$) by following the Eightfold Path.

Hinduism

Considered the world's oldest religion, involving diverse beliefs including the Vedas, Upanishads, and the caste system.

Pagsulat

A systematic process of expressing ideas, feelings, and information through written symbols or language.

Bionote

A short biographical note intended to introduce an author and establish their credibility, typically written in the third person.

Resumé

A formal document, also known as a buhay na tala, used to present an applicant's education, skills, and work history to an employer.

Nihilism

A philosophical view suggesting that life has no intrinsic meaning and is full of negativity.

Existentialism

A philosophy emphasizing individual existence, freedom, and the responsibility to determine one's own purpose.

Stoicism

A philosophy teaching individuals to focus on what they can control and accept what they cannot with wisdom and self-control.

Metaphysics

The branch of philosophy studying the nature of reality and existence.

Epistemology

The branch of philosophy studying the nature and limits of knowledge.

Aesthetics

The branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.

Logic

The branch of philosophy focused on correct reasoning and valid arguments.

Ethics

The branch of philosophy studying right and wrong behavior and guiding values.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object, usually expressed in grams ($g$) or kilograms ($kg$).

Weight

The measure of gravitational force acting on an object, calculated as $W = m \times a$ and expressed in Newtons ($N$).

Standard Acceleration Due to Gravity

The constant rate of acceleration for objects on Earth, valued at $9.8\,m/s^2$.

Density

The ratio between mass and volume, expressed as $D = \frac{m}{V}$.

Malleability

The physical property describing a material's ability to be flattened into sheets.

Ductility

The physical property describing a material's ability to be drawn into wires.