Human Capital: Education and Health in Economic Development

Literacy

Ability to read and write

Human Capital

Productive investments embodied in human persons, including skills, abilities, ideals, health, and locations, often resulting from expenditures on education, on-the-job training programmes, and medical care

Secret costs of education

costs borne by both the individual and society from private education decisions, including government education subsidies

Private costs

the costs that accrue to an individual e conomic unit.

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes

Welfare benefits provided conditionally based on family behaviour, such as children’s regular school attendance and health clinic visitations

Educational gender gap

Male–female differences in school access and completion

Private benefits

The benefits that accrue directly to an individual economic unit. For example, private benefits of education are those that directly accrue to a student and his or her family.

Derived demand

Demand for a good that emerges indirectly from demand for another good

Social benefits of education

Benefits of the schooling of individuals, including those that accrue to others or even to the entire society, such as the benefits of a more literate workforce and citizenry.

Educational certification

The phenomenon by which particular jobs require specified levels of education.

Basic education

The attain ment of literacy, arithmetic competence, and elementary vocational skills

Neglected tropical diseases

Thirteen treatable diseases, most of them parasitic, that are prevalent in developing countries but receive much less attention than tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS

Health system

All the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain health