Body Fluids Exam 1

While running a second load of urine samples on the automated urinalysis instrument, a seasoned technician notes that all the patient samples are showing positive nitrates but no indication of bacteria upon microscopic examination. This is an example of which of the following?

Analytical error; trouble-shooting of the instrument is required

The term critical value refers to a(n):

life-threatening test result and result exceeding the lower or upper critical limit.

While performing quality control (QC) checks on an open reagent bottle, the technologist notes that no open date/time is written on the bottle. The technologist should address this as a(n

preanalytical error; the technologist should discard the bottle, obtain a new one, and start over.

The medical laboratory scientist (MLS) receives an unlabeled urine specimen in the laboratory. What should the next step be?

Reject the specimen and request a new one

Urine osmolality is related to:

Urine concentration

Urine specific gravity is an index of the ability of the kidney to:

concentrate the urine

Osmolality is a measure of:

dissolved particles, including ions

A patient’s urine sample has an increased protein and high specific gravity. Which of the following would be a more accurate measure of urine concentration?

osmolality

Isosthenuria is associated with a specific gravity which is usually:

fixed around 1.010

A antidiuretic hormone is deficiency is assosiated with a:

Low specific gravity and urine osmolality

The method of choice for performing a specific gravity measurement of urine following administration of x-ray contrast dye is:

Reagent test strip

Major Solutes found in normal urine include;

Urea, Na+ (sodium)

K+ (potassium)

PO43- (phosphate)

SO42- (sulphate)

creatinine, and uric acid.

The first voided morning urine specimen is the most desirable specimen for routine urinalysis because it is the

Most concentrated specimen of the day, and therefore it is more likely that abnormalities are detected

A volume in excess of 2000mL of urine excreted over a 24-hr period is known as

Polyuria

Clearance test used to determine the glomerular filtration rate must measure substances that are;

Neither absorb or secreted by the tubules

Renal threshold is defined as

The concentration at which a substance, such as glucose excreted by the kidneys, begins to appear in urine.

The order of blood flow through the nephron is:

Afferent arteriole-glomerulus-efferent arteriole-peritubular capillaries

All of the following are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by active transport EXCEPT:

Water

Water is passively reabsorbed in all parts of the nephron EXCEPT:

Ascending loop of Henle

All of the following are endogenous clearance test substances EXCEPT:

Inulin

Match the types of urine collection with its most appropriate use insertion of a needle directly into the bladder

suprapubic aspiration

Match the type of urine collection with its most appropriate use: Insertion of tubing through the urethra into the bladder

catheterization

Match the type of urine collection with its most appropriate use: most concentrated specimen

First morning

Match the type of urine collection with its most appropriate use: routine analysis

random

Match the type of urine collection with its most appropriate use:Screening for infection

Clean- catch

Match the type of urine collection with its most appropriate use: substance quantitation

24-hour

A urine specimen received in a container with a contaminated exterior:

May be rejected

Which of the following comparisons best describes the refractive index?

It is an indirect measure based on the refractive index of light.

An ammonia-like odor characteristically associated with urine from patients who:

Have an infection with Proteus sp

Acid urine that contains hemoglobin will darken on standing due to the formation of:

methemoglobin

The freezing point of a urine specimen is -0.85 °C. What is the osmolality of the specimen?

-0.456 Osm/kg (MULTIPLY the f.p given by 537.6)

What is the most common method used to preserve urine for up to 24 hours?

Refrigeration

Which urine preservative contains boric acid and is commonly used when transporting specimens?

Commercial transport tubes

Which preservative is used to preserve urine sediment, including casts and cells?

Thymol

Which preservative is an excellent cellular preservative used for cytology?

Formalin

Which commercially available cellular preservative is used for cytology?

Saccomanno’s fixative

Which preservative is used when testing urine for steroids and hormones?

Acids (HCl or glacial acetic acid)

Which preservative is used for urine testing of porphyrins and porphobilinogen?

Sodium carbonate

A urine specimen containing the substance indicated below is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hrs. Identify the probable change in bacteria

Increase

A urine specimen containing the substance indicated below is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hrs. Identify the probable change in bilirubin

Decrease

A urine specimen containing the substance indicated below is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hrs. Identify the probable change in Glucose

Decrease

A urine specimen containing the substance indicated below is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hrs. Identify the probable change in Ketones

Decrease

A urine specimen containing the substance indicated below is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hrs. Identify the probable change in pH

Increase

A urine specimen containing the substance indicated below is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hrs. Identify the probable change in Protein

No Change

A urine specimen containing the substance indicated below is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hrs. Identify the probable change in Urobilinogen

Increase

What urine odor is associated with diabetes mellitus?

Sweet/ fruity

What is the normal odor of fresh urine?

Faintly Aromatic

What odor is associated with old, improperly stored urine?

Ammonia / Bleach like

What urine odor is associated with starvation?

Sweet/ Fruity

What urine odors can be associated with a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Ammonia or Pungent-Fetid

What color is associated with bilirubin?

Yellow or orange

What color is associated with biliverdin?

Green

What color is associated with hemoglobin?

Red or Brown

What color is associated with myoglobin?

Brown

What color is associated with porphobilinogen?

Purple

What color is associated with urobilin?

Orange or Brown

What color is associated with urobilinogen?

Colorless

What color is associated with urochrome

Yellow

What color is associated with uroerythrin?

Pink

T/F Diabetes insipidus is associated with very dilute urine and a low specific gravity.

True

T/F : Glucose is normally present in the urine of a patient with diabetes insipidus.

False

T/F: Diabetes mellitus can cause polyuria because glucose in the urine draws water with it.

True

T/F: Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus can both cause polyuria and excessive thirst.

True

T/F: Diabetes insipidus is primarily an insulin disorder.

False

T/F: The urine specific gravity in diabetes insipidus is commonly around 1.001–1.005.

True

T/F: Diabetes mellitus always causes glucose in the urine.

False

T/F: Ketones are a typical feature of diabetes insipidus.

False

T/F: A sweet or fruity urine odor may occur in diabetes mellitus when glucose or ketones are present.

True

The single most important factor associated with glomerular proteinuria is:

Hyperglycemia

Anuria is defined by:

Absence or cessation of urine excretion of less than 100mL per 24 hours

Formalin can be defined by:

cellular preservation