AP Euro Test Chapter 23

Congress of Vienna (Goals/Outcomes)

The Congress of Vienna was a conference held after **Napoleon’s defeat.**

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Goal: It was to **restore monarchs** and to establish legitimacy(justice).

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Outcome: It creates a **lasting peace.**

Led by **Quadruple Alliance** of Austria, Russia, Great Britain, and Prussia

Dual Revolution

**Economic and political** change go hand in hand and industrialization begins to lead to new ideas. **Revolution = social change.** The growing middle class makes **political demands and the growing working class makes economic demands.**

Holy Alliance

Alliance of **Austria, Russia, and Prussia against liberalism.** Serve as a **peacekeeping force** to put down revolutions. Examples of conservatism because they want to keep the old ways.

Carlsbad Decrees

Liked Conservatism

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**Made sure that students couldn’t print out liberal ideas.**

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**Outlawed student organizations**

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Metternich's goals

He was an Austrian foreign minister. Committed to Conservatism. It was to **stop the spread of radicalism and keep the empire strong.**

Demands of Liberals

Demand **freedom of speech, press, religion, and due process.** Demand **equality, natural rights, limited government, representative government, laissez faire economic**(Limited government interference). Supported by the **middle class.** Demand moderate reforms not **revolutionary action.**

Lands of the Austrian Empire following the Congress of Vienna

Austria gained much of **Italy and Germany**. Austria also had a diverse population of many ethnic groups.

What powers supported the Greeks in their fight for independence?

Britain, France, and Russia.

The goals of early French Socialists

They wanted to **help the working class or the poor**, **plan the economy**, thought the government should own everything, and thought competition was bad and **wanted cooperation over competition.**

Marx's predictions and description of the past

All of history is a conflict between classes(Thesis vs. Antithesis). Predicts that the **Proletariat would revolt against the Bourgeoisie** and seize the factors of production which would create an **"end" in history.** He believed in **class struggles.**

Laissez Faire economics (Capitalism)

Limited **government interferences**. A self **governing free-market system.** Examples are Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus.

Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People

Idealized **liberal revolution**. A part of the Romanticism era.

Romanticism

Artistic movement characterized by emphasis on emotion over reason (Reaction to the Enlightenment and Classicism). Also **glorification of nature (Its power and awesomeness disturbed by Industrial Rev.), individualism, liberalism, and emphasis on history (Supports Nationalist Movements, especially in Greece)**

Battle of Peterloo

Calvary Massacre 60,000 in England who had **gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. Led to Tories suspending habeas corpus and assembly.**

Lord Byron

Poet who writes "Don Juan" which says people should have **free expression of emotions**. He died fighting in Greece in a nationalist uprising.

Revolutions of 1848

The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe. The main cause of all of these revolutions was that **people were tired of being controlled and oppressed by monarchs.** They wanted to do away with **monarchies and bring in democracy and other policies.** The middle class also **wanted civil liberties, economic freedom, and improved living conditions.** Only France succeeded in their revolution and made the second republic. Russia & Britain were not affected.

Causes and Outcome of the July Revolution (1830 France)

Charles X succeeds **Louis XVII** and passes **"The Four Ordinances"** which **restrict press, dissolves chamber, restricts votes,** and calls for new election. This leads to **riots in Paris killing 1800** and **forcing Charles X to abdicate** so **Louis Phillepe becomes King of the French.** He rules with **liberal policies**, ignores the working class, doubles the number of voters, and crushes working class Parisian uprisings.

The Chartists were a British example of what other group we've talked about in this chapter?

British people trying to peacefully reform the existing political system. The aim of the Chartists was to gain **political rights and influence** for the working classes. They were an example of **Democratic-republicans** because they wanted **all men to vote.**

Louis Blanc

A socialist who favored reforms, he called for the **creation of national workshops** in order to guarantee employment for the urban poor. **They were government sponsored workshops created to appease working class radicals.**

Pan-Slavism

The 19th-century movement that **recognized a common ethnic background among the various Slav peoples** of eastern and east central Europe and sought to unite those peoples for the achievement of common cultural and political goals. Nationalism.

Outcomes of 1848

They all ended in failure and **repression** and were followed by widespread disappointment among liberals.

Reform Acts in Britain 1832

The Reform Acts **extended voting rights**. The 1867 reform act was led by conservative Benjamin Disraeli to try to **win over some of the middle class.** He knew that they would gain voting rights eventually and wanted them on his side.

Corn Laws

The corn laws were passed by the Tories who represented the aristocracy. It **raised tariffs on foreign grain** which made prices rise. It was good for **landed aristocracy, bad for working class, liberals, middle class.** Workers protest with support of radicals.

Six Acts

Following the Peterloo Massacre the Six Acts aimed at **suppressing press** & **meetings** to **prevent future disturbances.**

Catholic Emancipation Act

Grants full civil rights to Catholics (They can serve in government now). **Repeals the Test Act.**

Edmund Burke

Conservatist, writes reflections on french rev. He didn't like it. He did not believe that the French urban working class or the peasantry could simply be **trusted with legislative or political powers.**

Need to know

Stimulus Documents and Excerpts: Marx's Communist Manifesto, Casper Friedrich's Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, Petofi's National Song of Hungary, Peterloo Cartoon, The Carlsbad Decrees, Maistre's Essay on the Generative Principles of Political Constitutions, Reform Act of 1832, Six Acts Cartoon, Milton Friedman Capitalism and Freedom

Document Link

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MxC3ZUPXWohkG6iC1hxD1Y3ozOqQNExgcE2e29bKfro/edit?usp\=sharing