AP Euro Review

Renissance

"Rebirth"; Following the Middle Ages, movement centered on the revival of classical Greek and Roman works

Men of Letters

Sought out greek and roman texts

Petrarch

Described the middle ages as the "Dark Ages"; Father of Humanism

Treaty of Tordesillas

Split South American between Portugal and Spain

Lorenzo Valla

False Donation of Constatine; Exposed the Catholic Church's fraud

Civic Humanism

Want political change; Government similar to romans/greeks

Machavelli

Civic Humanist; Wanted absolutism

Erasmus

Christian Humanist & Catholic Priest; Praise of Folly (addressed Church's abuse)

Printing Press

Rapidly spread ideas; Vernacular books

Henry VIII

Will create the Anglican Church to divorce his first wife

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Anglican Church (Church of England); Monarch of England is the head of the church (centralizes power)

Elizabeth I

Tolerance to Catholics in Anglican England;

Valois Dynasty

Catholic; ruling family in France

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

French Monarch appoints church officials; Monarch has more power than church

Spanish Inquisition

Priests in Spain punished suspects that don't follow Catholicism

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

Will marry merging land (violently); Will declare Spain as Catholic

Jean Bodin

Divine Right

Portugese (Unit 1)

First to explore more of the "Old War" (East Hemisphere); Will establish a trading post empire; Will eventually be replaced by the Dutch

Mercantilism

An economic policy to promote monarch's wealth; Extract raw materials from colonies -> Manufacture in motherland -> Sell back to colony

Jean-Baptist Colbert

French advisor who tells Louis XIV to invest in colonies

Jesuit

Catholics wanting to spread Catholicism; Society of Jesus

Seven Year's War (1763)

Britain & England fought over territory in America; England will win expanding their territory

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty that gave religious tolerance ending the Thirty Year's War; Habsburgs will lose power, propelling France (Bourbons) to take over; Weakens HRE

Colombian Exchange

Transfer of animals, plants, and diseased between America, Asia, and Europe

Commercial Revolution

Trade is expanding; Dramatic change in European economy; Money > Land

British East India Company

Joint stock company bringing money back to Britain; Trying to get spices

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming for survival; Goes away during commercial/industrial revolution

Commercialization of Agriculture

Farming for profit; Improved methods of farming = higher yields & higher profit; Small farmers are moving to cities (Industrial Revolution)

Enclosure Movement

Fencing or enclosing common lands into private property; Less land for peasants/workers

Urban Migration

Migration into cities from rural areas; Result of less workers needed in farms (new technology replacing)

Martin Luther

German Monk/Catholic Priest; Writes 95 Theses

95 Theses

Written by Martin Luther; Denounces the Church (spread through printing press)

John Calvin

Introduces Calvinism (Puritan)

Calvinism

Branch of Puritanism; Everyone is a sinner

German Peasants' War

(1524-1525) Luther inspired lower-class to demand reforms; Against what Luther had wanted; Peasants will lost

Calvinist "Geneva"

John Calvin is invited to rule theocracy; Bible is law; Extremely strict

Calvinists

Puritans in England

Huganots

French Protestants/Calvinists

Catherine de Medici

Catholic who ruled France in place of her sons who were unable; De facto ruler

Henry III

Valois; Catholic monarch (son of Catherine de Medici); Has no heir

Henry of Navarre

Bourbon (Huguenot) with the best claim to the throne; Valois don't want a protestant on the throne; Eventually take the name Henry IV, converting to Catholicism for poltical power

Henry of Guise

Catholic who opposed Henry of Navarre

Massaccre of Vassy

Organized by Henry of Guise to kill Hugenots at "Church" (barn); Starts a civil war between religons

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Henry of Navarre marries Henry III's sister (Huguenot + Catholic); Valois and Guise family will organize a massacre to occur during the wedding

Holy Roman Empire (HRE)

Decentralized empire; Catholic; Habsburgs ruling

Charles V

HRE emperor; Protestant reformation will undermine him - wields a lot of power during reformation

Peace of Augsburgs

(1555) Introduced slight religious tolerance to attempt and bring stability to the HRE; Charles V gave princes in HRE right to choose Catholic or Lutherism

Thirty Year's War

Will start with the desire to re-Catholicize HRE & undo Peace of Augsburg; Will be pointless ending in Peace of Westphalia

Bohemia Phase

First phase of the Thirty Year's War; Bohemia (state) has tensions due to Catholic Prince in a Lutherin state; Messangers will be sent to convert people to Catholicism

Defenestation of Prague

(1618) Messangers sent to spread Catholicism will be throne out of windows by Lutherin's starting a civil war

Danish Phase

Second phase of the Thirty Year's War; Catholic's are winning and now focusing efforts on re-Catholicism

Swedish Phase

Third phase of the Thirty Years' War; Sweden joins war under Gustovas Adolphus leading Protestant forces; France will also joing trying to defeat the Habsburgs (although France is against Huganotes); *Swedish swords French funds

Cardinal Richelieu

Catholic Pope; Advises France to join Thirty Year's War, supporting Protestants

French Phase

Final phase of the Thirty Year's war; France will take over fighting while Sweden provides funds; Protestants will win against Catholics

Council of Trent

Catholic Church will make slight reforms; No longer accept indulgences (main criticism by Luther)

Catholic/Counter Reformation

Catholic Church will respond to challenges by Protestants: Council of Trent, Jesuits, Index of Prohibited Books, Roman inquisition

Mannerism

Art form with distortion & elongated; Renaissance inspiration

Baroque

Counter/Catholic reformation art; Ornamentation & Realism

Gian Bernini

Baroque artist; The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa = Religious sculpture

Stuart Dynasty

James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II; Ruling England

Romanov Dynasty

Ruled Russia from 1613-1917

Habsburgs

Rule Austria and previously Spain

Bourbon Dynasty

Rules France (replacing Valios) and Spain

Absolutism

Monarchs take all government power; Divine Right

Constitutional Monarchy

Monarch has power limited by a constitution; Will first appear in England

Oligarchy

Netherlands; Government run by small group of people

James I

(1603-1625) British Stuart monarch; ignored constitutional principles and asserted divine right

James I's Central Issues

1. Taxed Authority - Parliament believed they should give their consent to the taxes

2. Sovereignty - Major shift in political power

3. Religion - Protestants weren't happy with the amount of Catholic tolerance

Charles I

Head of Anglican Church but married Catholic (grew tensions); Will heavily tax without the approval of Parliament

Petition of Right

British Parliament wants a law that doesn't allow Charles I to levy taxes without the consent of Parliament; In response Charles will dissolve Parliament starting the Era of Personal Rule where Parliament won't be called for 11 years

Short Parliament

(1640) Charles I will be in need of money and so he will summon Parliament back to raise more taxes; Parliament met and refused to consent to more taxes and was dissolved again

Grand Remonstrance

List of grievances given to Charles I based on the royal abuse of power; Charles will reject the document, refusing reform

"Nineteen Propositions"

(1642) Aimed to limit Charles I's authority; Parliament wanted sovereignty; Will be rejected by Charles and seen as an attack to his royal authority

Oliver Cromwell

"Lord Protector" Will become military dictator of England; Military is used to rule with strict moral code

Stuart Restoration

Cromwell (military dictator) will die, restoring Charles II as king, however he lets Parliament lead the government

James II

(England) Will take over after Charles I as he has no heir; Openly catholic (Monarch is head of Anglican Church)

The Glorious Revolution

English Parliament invites William of Orange & Mary (James II daughter) to invade England; Bloodless revolution as James II knows to leave; Constitutional Monarch is established

English Bill of Rights

England's constitution that protects Britain's civil liberties

Toleration Act

Gives Britain religious tolerance after the Glorious Revolution

Act of Settlement

(1701) British Parliament decided no Catholic could be monach

Agricultural Revolution

Science, Entrepreneurship, and Technology; Commercialization of agriculture

Market Economy

Mercantilism is less desirable as it only benefited the state; Demand for goods are rising & people now have money to buy luxuries they don't NEED

Middle Passage

Route that imported African slaves at an alarming rate; Exploiting labor

Dutch Revolt

(1566-1648) "80 Years War" Dutch want to breakaway from Habsburgs rule (HRE); Other countries are recognizing Dutch as independence (Peace of Westphalia)

Dutch Golden Age

Period when the Dutch Republic dominated world trade; was politically stable, religiously tolerance, and supported innovations

Johannes Vermeer

Dutch Golden Age painter; Everyday life scenes (middle-class); Girl with a Pearl Earring

Balance of Power

Concept from Peace of Westphalia; Political concept that powerful European nations rule together; Prevent one nation from dominating Europe (Prevent war)

Partition of Poland

Russia, Prussia, and Austria will partition Poland (after suggested by Catherine the Great of Russia) for "Balance of Power"; Power of Balance causality

Battle of Vienna

(1683) Battle between Ottoman Empire and HRE; Ends Ottoman expansion in Europe, decline from the peak after Vienna

Wars of Louis XIV

Louis XIV turns France into a war-making state (which impacted "Balance of Power", also decreased influence of Habsburgs); Aimed to conquer territory, weaken rivals (Habsburgs) and personal glory; Will result in little territory gain, more taxes, and malnutrition

Dutch War

Louis XIV aimed to conquer Dutch Republic; William III (of Orange) will fend of the French, leading to a peace treaty; Ends Dutch "Gold Age" making France the dominant European power

Nine Year's War

(1688-1697) Conflict due to Louis XIV challenged "Balance of Power"; Will result in "Grand Alliance"

Grand Alliance

Alliance in 1697 between England, Dutch Republic, Spain, Sweden, Netherland, and HRE

War of Spanish Succession

(1701-1714) Louis XIV will try to put his grandson on the throne of Spain (merging Spain and France), going against Balance of Power; Will lead to 10 years of fighting, eventually with a bourbon on the throne

Treaty of Utrecht

(1713) Ends War of Spanish Succession; France and Spain cannot merge

Louis XIV

"Sun King" Became King of France at 4 yrs; Cardinal Mazarin actually held the power till he could take over (Regency); Levied LOTS of taxes; War -> Debt -> Tax -> War again; EMBODIES the causes of the French Revolution

The Regency

(1643-1651) French Louis XIV was unable to rule at 4 years old; Cardinal Mazarin consolidated power showing Louis XIV how dangerous court politics were; France is unstable

The Fronde

A series of civil wars in France under the Regency; Fronde = Rebellion against royal authority (Nobles are unhappy with Mazarin's high taxation); Monarch won the Fronde, strengthening power

Palace of Versailles

Louis XIV forced nobility to live at the Palace of Versailles as he saw them as a threat to his power; Ensured they could not revolt again (The Fronde)

Louis XIV's Finances

Louis XIV would levy taxes without any regard (angering 3rd Estate); Fell into debt often (War -> debt -> high taxes -> war); Jean-Baptist Colbert recommended mercantilism (colonies)