Bone basics

what are the functions of the bone

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, hormone production, fat storage, and blood cell formation

bones are reservoirs for what minerals

calcium and phosphorous

where is fat stored

in the yellow marrow inside long bones

what hormone do bones produce

osteocalcin

where does blood cell production (hematopoiesis) occur

red bone marrow

types of bones

long bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones, short bones, irregular bones

how do you identify a long bone

longer than is wide

how do you identify a flat bone

flat ( can curve )

how do you identify a sesamoid bone

small bones developed and embedded inside tendons

how to identify short bones

pebbly/stone

what is the skeleton made of

bone and cartilage

are bones living or non living organs

living

how many bones are in the adult human body

206

what type of tissue is bone

connective

what is the division of bones

axial and appendicular

where are axial bones

on or near the midline

where are appendicular bones

away from the midline

what are appendicular bones

bones of limbs that connect to bones on the axial skeleton

where is the artiuclar cartilage found

on the ends of long bones

what does articular cartilage do

protects ends of bones from friction and movement

loss of articular cartilage

osteoarthritis

where is red marrow found

spongy bone

two types of bone

compact and spongy

red marrow is soft tissue filled with

hematopoietic

what does hematopoietic produce

red and white blood cells; platelets

what is the periosteum made of

dense irregular connective tissue

what does the periosteum cover

the outside of the bone

periosteum is filled filled with

blood vessels and osteoblasts

what do osteoblasts in bone do

allow bone to grow in width or repair and make bones matrix

what is the epiphyses

ends of long bone

what is the diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

where is spongy bone found

epiphysis

spongy bone has trabeculae in it filled with

red bone marrow

what is trabeculae

The irregularly arranged lamella in spongy bone

what is lamella

layer of matrix surrounding the central canal of an osteon

which bone type is stonger: spongy or compact

compact bone

compact bone makes up

diaphysis

what does the epiphyseal plate do

make your bones grow in length

what is the epiphyseal plates made of

hyaline cartilage

what does hyaline cartilage do in bone

grows and regrows repeatedly as you grow

when do epiphyseal plates ossify (solidify)

18 to 21

what is compact bones made of

osteons

what is an osteon

structural unit of compact bone; circular canal

what is the medullary cavity

hollow space inside the diaphysis

what is the medullary cavity filled with

bone marrow

what is the endosteum

thin vascular tissue membrane

where is the endosteum

inner surface of the bone

what is yellow marrow

fatty tissue

if you lose a lot of blood yellow marrow will

convert to red marrow

what is the nutrient foramen

a tiny hole in the bone that blood vessels thread through

bones need to send out blood so

waste product is removed

bones need to receive blood to

get nutrients and oxygen

when you turn older your marrow converts in what order: red to yellow or yellow to red

converts from red to yellow

another name for compact bone

cortical bone

another name for spongy bone

Cancellous bone/trabecular bone

what do osteoclasts do

breakdown old or damaged bone

articulation in bone

where two or more bones meet (joint )

condyle of bone

a rounded articular surface at the extremity of a bone

projection of bone

outward bulge of bone

fossa of bone

shallow depression

what is a foramen

hole in a bone

function of cartilage in bone

Provide strength, protects, connect, and assists with movement, transmit sound waves, etc

what is the matrix of bone

osteoid

where is lamella found

in the compact bone

what is the difference between proximal and distal epiphysis

proximal epiphysis is closer to torso/trunk and distal is further away

two types of lamella in bone

interstitial and concentric

where is concentric lamella found

around central canal

where is interstitial lamella found

between osteons

what is the purpose of the trabecular bone

provides resistance from compression

which type of bone cell is a stem cell

osteogenic cells

which is the only type of bone cell that goes through mitosis

osteogenic cells

osteogenic cells divides to create what cell

osteoblasts

where are the osteogenic cells located

periosteum and endosteum

what is osteoid made of

calcium collagen and water

Osteoblasts build over themselves (like hibernating) while they mature and become

osteocytes

where are osteocytes located

in compact and spongy bone

what do osteocytes do

perform daily functions of the bone

where is osteoclast located

periosteum and endosteum

what is the chemical composition of bone

35% organic
65% inorganic

what is the 35% organic components in bone made of and what does it do

35% osteoid and provides flexability

what is the 65% inorganic components in bone made of and what does it do

mineral salts and it provides strength and hardness

4 steps of fracture repair

1. hematoma
2. fibrocartilaginous callus
3. bony callus
4. remodeling

what is the first step of fracture repair

Blood flows from broken blood vessel in and on the bone forming a blood clot (hematoma)

what is the second step of fracture repair

chondrocytes and osteoblasts near the fracture site create a temporary callus of cartilage and bone

what is the third step of fracture repair

osteoblasts produce osteoid and become osteocyte. The chondrocyte (cartilage cell) begins to die

what is the third step of fracture repair

osteoclasts absorb injured and dead bone tissue and osteoblasts continue to build new bone