4.1 Notes

Magnetic Compass

A navigational instrument developed in China that uses Earth's magnetic field for direction finding.

Astrolabe

An ancient tool from the Islamic world that allowed sailors to determine their latitude by measuring the position of the stars.

Three masted sailing ship

A type of ship developed by Portugal that allowed for better maneuverability and greater cargo capacity.

Cartography

The study and practice of making maps, which played a crucial role in navigation and exploration.

Primogeniture laws

Laws that dictated only the eldest son could inherit the wealth of a family, influencing family dynamics and exploration.

Transoceanic Travel

Travel across oceans that connected Europe with Asia and the Americas, significantly transforming trade routes.

Afro-Eurasia

The combined continental landmass of Africa, Europe, and Asia, involved in extensive trade and cultural exchange.

Christopher Columbus

An explorer whose voyages connected Afro-Eurasia with the Americas and inspired further exploration.

Newton's discovery of gravity

A scientific breakthrough that improved understanding of tides and sailing safety.

Lateen sails

Triangular sails used by Arab sailors, allowing ships to travel in multiple directions.

Stern Rudder

A Chinese invention that improved a ship's maneuverability.

Gunpowder

A Chinese invention used by Europeans, significantly impacting military power and sea piracy during exploration.

Abbasid Empire

An Islamic empire that played a significant role in the spread of Islam and cultural exchange in North Africa.

Population Growth

The increase in population that forced Europeans to explore trade opportunities due to decreased job availability.

Naval Technology

The advancements in ships and navigation that allowed empires to expand their reach across oceans.

Astronomical charts

Maps of the stars used for navigation before the invention of the compass.