y5 bio: cluster 4 (proteins)

definition of enzymes

enzymes are biological catalysts that sped up chemical reactions within cells and organisms, by lowering activation energy

definition of metabolism

metabolism is the complex network of independent and interacting chemical reactions in living organisms

anabolic VS catabolic reactions (energy + bonds)

anabolic reactions require energy to build up bonds, catabolic reactions release energy when breaking down bonds

anabolic VS catabolic reactions (examples)

anabolic reactions include photosynthesis, protein synthesis. catabolic reactions include cell respiration and digestion.

what are the amino acids in the active site called and its importance?

they’re called catalytic amino acids. their intricate intercations in the folded 3D structure of the active site create the specific chemical environment for catalysis.

what hapens during induced fit binding?

BOTH substrate and enzyme change shape while binding, not rigid lock and key

how to describe movement of liquids?

in constant random motion

success collisions require ___ orientation

proper

which moves faster, smaller or larger molecules?

smaller

enzyme active site has a ____ and _____ structure

precise, distinctive

chance of denaturation increases at which temperature?

approx 50 degree celsius

factors affecting enzyme activity

temp, pH and substrate concentration

intracellular enzyme reactions definition and examples

enzyme reactions that happen within the cell, in cytoplasm or specific organelles (e.g. glycolysis, krebs cycle in cytoplasm and transcription in ribosome, via ribozyme)

extracellular enzyme reactions definition and examples

enzyme reactions that occur outside cells after being excreted by exocytosis (e.g. digestive enzymes in the gut)

why do metabolic reactions generate heat?

cuz energy transfers are never 100% efficient

what are cyclical pathways and examples of said cycles?

there’s a use and regenerate sequence of intermediates, with substances entering and exiting the cycle. (e.g. krebs and calvin cycle)

in non-competitive inhibition, what site is the NOT-ACTIVE site called?

allosteric sites

when the non-competitive inhibitor binds to allosteric site, is this still reversible?

yes, reversible. but substrate cannot cause the inhibitor to un-bond, inhibitor will unbind itself later on

in non-competitive inhibitor, what (of the 3) factors cannot affect the enzyme activity?

increasing substrate concentration, as the active site is already altered

in enzyme activity graph, whose max level would be higher, the one with competitive or non-competitive inhibitor?

competitive higher, and this will take higher conc. of substrate. non-competitive cant ever go back to normal max level.

definition of feedback inhibition

mechanism of negative feedback control, where the end product of a metabolic pathway stops an early enzyme in that same pathway to prevent a waste of resources

feedback inhibition example

threonine initial recatnat, and isoleucine end product. and as isolecuine conc. rise, it binds to an allosteric site on enzyme 1 then inhibits it

is mechanic based inhibition reversible?

NAH. graph will look the same as non-competitive inhibitor

mechanic based inhibition example

penicillin, targeting transpeptidase enzyme to prevent peptidoglycan cross-linking in bactera cell wall, increasing chance of bacteria lysing