B. GESTALT

Principles that explain how the brain naturally organizes visual elements into unified wholes rather than perceiving them as separate parts.

Gestalt principles

We naturally perceive things in their simplest form or organization.

Prägnanz

We naturally group items together based on similarities such as color, size, and orientation.

Similarity

We naturally view objects that are near each other as one group.

Proximity

We perceive elements arranged on a line or curve as related to each other, while elements not on the line or curve are seen as separate.

Continuity

We interpret familiar, incomplete forms as complete by filling in gaps.

Closure

We perceive certain objects as being in the foreground and other objects as being in the background.

Figure-Ground

We perceive elements that move together in the same direction or have a similar trajectory as one group.

Common Fate

A misinterpretation of real sensory input.

Perceptual illusion

An illusion of apparent motion between stationary lights, discovered by Max Wertheimer, which contributed to the development of Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.

Phi Phenomenon

The psychologist who discovered the Phi Phenomenon.

Max Wertheimer