BIO 365

what is anatomy the study of?

structure

what is physiology the study of?

function

what is inspection?

physical examination

what is palpation?

feeling a structure with the hands

what is auscultation?

listening to the natural sounds made by the body

what is dissection?

cutting and separating tissue to reveal their relationships

what is comparative anatomy?

studying multiple species to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends

what is gross anatomy?

structure that can seen with the naked eye

what is histology?

microscopic anatomy

what is histopathology?

the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

what is cytology?

the study of the structure and function of individual cells

what is endocrinology?

physiology of hormones

what is pathophysiology?

mechanisms of disease

what is the inductive method?

making numerous observations until a generalization/prediction can be made (small to large)

what is the hypothetico-deductive method?

a problem-solving scientific method that starts with an educated guess and uses logic to test if it’s true

what is a placebo?

a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body

what are some examples of statistical testing?

chi-square, t-test, analysis of variance

what is a fact?

information that can be independently verified by any trained person

what is the law of nature?

a generalization about the predictable way in which matter and energy behave

what is a theory?

an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis

what are vestigial organs?

remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestors of a species (ex. hair)

list the hierarchy of complexity from smallest to largest (AMOCTOOO)

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

what is metabolism?

the sum of all internal chemical change

what is negative feedback?

a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it

what is positive feedback?

a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction

what is differentiation?

the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task

what are mutations?

changes in DNA structure

are mutations seen in individuals?

no, only seen in populations or gene pools

does moving up or down the gradient require energy expenditure?

moving up

is moving from high to low concentration moving up or down the gradient?

down

what is biochemistry?

the study of molecules that compose living organisms

what is organic chemistry?

the study of molecules containing carbon

isotopes have a different number of what?

neutrons

what is an ion?

an atom that has gained or lost electrons

what are electrolytes?

minerals in your body that carry an electric charge when dissolved in water or other bodily fluids

what are isomers?

molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms

what are van der waals forces?

weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms

when does a polar covalent bond form?

when electrons are shared unequally between two atoms

do acids release or accept hydrogen?

release

are acids or bases proton donors?

acids

what is molarity?

a measure of the concentration of a chemical solution

what do buffers do?

resist changes in pH

what determines atomic number?

the number of protons

what are trace elements?

a chemical element present in a very small amount

what do electrons determine about atoms?

their chemical properties

do electron shells have more energy when they are closer or farther from the nucleus?

farther

what are valence electrons?

electrons of the outermost shell that determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom

aside from neutrons, what else is different about isotopes?

their atomic masses

what do unstable isotopes give off when they decay?

radiation forming radioisotopes

what is ionizing radiation?

conversion of atoms to ions (removal of electrons)

what is physical half-life?

the time required for 50% of the radioactive nuclei to decay to a more stable isotope

what are free radicals?

unstable, highly reactive chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

what are molecules?

chemical particles composed of two or more atoms

what are compounds?

molecules composed of two or more elements

what is the weakest bond?

van der waals force

what is the strongest bond?

nonpolar covalent (equal attraction)

what is a hydrogen bond?

a weak attraction between polarized molecules

what is a mixture?

consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined

is water polar or nonpolar?

polar (v-shaped)

what is adhesion?

the tendency of one substance to cling to another

what is cohesion?

the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other

what does thermal stability do?

helps to stabilize the internal temperature of the body

what is the basic unit of heat?

calorie

what is a solution?

consists of particles of matter called the solute with a solvent

what are colloids?

mixtures of protein and water

what is suspension?

solid particles mixed with a liquid

what is energy?

the capacity to do work

what is chemical energy?

potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

what is free energy?

the potential energy available in a system to do useful work

what is a chemical reaction?

a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

does a higher concentration increase or decrease reaction rate?

increase

does a higher temperature increase or decrease reaction rate?

increase

what is catabolism?

consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions (exothermic/exergonic)

what is anabolism?

consists of energy-storing synthesis reactions (endothermic/endergonic)

what is oxidation?

any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

what is reduction?

a chemical reaction in which a molecules gains electrons and energy

what are some examples of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and conjugated carbohdyrates

name three monosaccharides

glucose, galactose, fructose

name three disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

name three polysaccharides

cellulose, starch, glycogen

are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic

hydrophilic

are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

what are some types of fatty acids?

saturated, unsaturated, essential, and polyunsaturated

what molecule is a steroid?

lipid

what is a substrate?

the substance the enzyme acts upon

what are the three main components of a nucleotide?

nitrogenous base, monosaccharide (phosphate groups), nucleic acids

dna and rna are examples of what molecule?

nucleic acids

what is the most important level of organization?

cells

to describe the function of a molecule what structure would you discuss?

organelle (higher up)

describe the structure of the heart

the heart is made of cardiac muscle tissue, which is made of cells

intrinsic regulation can be seen at what level?

tissue/organ level

extrinsic regulation can be seen at what level?

neural/hormonal

what is the stimulus in a feedback loop?

physical or chemical condition

what does the sensor do in a feedback loop?

detect condition

what does the control center do?

processes information and sends a message

what is the message in a feedback loop?

neural, hormonal, or chemical signal

what does the effector do?

receives message

what is the response in a feedback loop?

activity of the effector