Chapter 2 PPT

Research Ethics

Refers to the correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying out research.

Research Ethics

Framework of values within which we conduct research.

Research Ethics

Refers to the correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying out research.

Research Ethics

Framework of values within which we conduct research.

Research Ethics

The researchers foremost concern in recruiting and using subjects is treating them ethically andresponsibly.

Research Ethics

help researchers identify actions we consider good and bad, and explain the principles by which we make responsible decisions in actual situations

Research Ethics

The well-being of the research participant is no less important than the search for knowledge: Research that poses harm or threat to participants is undesirable even though it may increase wisdom.

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

Composed of laypeople and researchers, evaluate research proposals to make sure that they follow ethical standards.

IRB or ethics committee

Studies must now undergo an extensive review by __ before they are implemented.

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

main task are to conduct a risk/benefit analysis, and many of the law's provision are reflected in the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA).

chance of harm

Studies that place subjects at risk increase the__ compared with not participating in the study.

Minimal risk studies

do not increase the likelihood of injury.

outweighed by gains

IRBs should approve an "at risk" study when a risk/benefit analysis determines that risks to participants are __ in knowledge.

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

is to safeguard the rights of individuals by making certain that each subject at risk gives informed consent to participate.

Informed Consent

means that the subject agrees to participate after having been fully informed about the nature of the study.

Aspects of informed consent

1. Must know the nature of the research 2. They must give their consent freely, without the use of force or coercion. 3.They must be free to drop out of the experiment at any time. 4. Researchers must give the full explanation of the procedures to be followed and offer to answer any questions about them. They must know what they are supposed to do. 5. Researchers must make clear the potential risks and benefits of the experiment. 6. Researchers must provide assurances that all data will remain private and confidential. 7. Subjects may not release the researchers from their liability or to waive their legal rights in the case of injury. Researchers are held liable for consequences.

Respect For Persons, Beneficence, Justice

3 Basic Ethical Principles (belmoont Report)

Respect for persons

Maintains that every human being is an autonomous person with the right to self-determination (make his/her own decisions). (Basis for informed consent)

Beneficence

Minimizing harm and maximizing benefits. (basis of risk/benefit analysis)

Justice

Refers to fairness in both the burdens and benefits of research.

APA ethical guidelines

apply to psychologists and students when they assume the role of psychologists during research or practice

Deception

This is where participants are misled or wrongly informed about the aims of the research.

Deception

May be used when it is the best way to obtain information.

Deception

May NOT be used to minimize the participants' perception of risk or exaggerate their perception of potential benefits

Deception

There are some types of research that cannot be carried out without at least some element of deception (e.g. Milgram's study of obedience).

Confederate

is an experimenter's accomplice.

Confederate

is deceptive because subjects are led to believe that the it is another subject, experimenter, or bystander, when he or she is actually part of the experimental manipulation.

Confederate

kagaya sa video di talaga nakaconnect yung kuryente pero nagrereact siya

Debriefing

The true nature of the research should be revealed at the earliest possible opportunity, or at least during that is, explaining the true nature and purpose of the study.

Debriefing

like sa video na sinabihan sila na wala naman sila ginagawa after the experiment and ayun purpose ng experiment

withdraw

Subjects must be allowed to _ from the experiment at any time and should never face coercion to remain.

debriefing

The experimenter should provide __ (full disclosure) after either their personal participation or the completion of the entire study.

Anonymity

means that subjects are not identified by name.

Anonymity

by collecting data without names and assigning code numbers.

Confidentiality

means that data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the subject

Animal welfare

is the humane care and treatment of animals.

Researchers

have a responsibility to promote animal welfare whenever they use animal subjects.

Animal rights

is the position that sensate species (those that can feel pain and suffer) have equal value and rights to humans.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Institutions engaged in animal research must have a review board, called an

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

, to evaluate experiments before they are conducted.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

They must determine that the researchers have explored all alternatives and have documented that there are no other feasible alternatives.

Scientific Fraud

typically thought of as falsifying or fabricating data.

Motivation

A researcher's graduation, tenure, promotion, funding, or reputation may motivate researchers to commit fraud.

Peer review

process filters submitted manuscripts

Replication

, where researchers attempt to reproduce the findings of others,

Replication

is the second line of defense.

the third line of defense

Competition by colleagues for scarce resources, while a cause of fraud, is

Plagiarism

to represent someone else's ideas, words, or written work as your own.

Steps to avoid plagiarism

Keep track of the sources you consult in your research. Paraphrase or quote from your sources (and add your own ideas). Credit the original author in an in-text citation and reference list.. Use a plagiarism checker before you submit.