Unit 1 Test Review - Inorganic/Organic Compounds and Macromolecules

Flashcards for UNIT 1 Test Review covering inorganic vs organic compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, denaturation, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, and enzymes.

What is an inorganic compound? List the four principal inorganic compounds found in living things.

An inorganic compound is a compound that does not contain carbon and hydrogen. The four principal inorganic compounds found in living things are water; inorganic acids/bases; gases; and salts.

What is an organic compound? List the four main classes of organic compounds.

An organic compound contains carbon and hydrogen. The four main classes are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Main source of energy in living things.

What are the two main types of carbohydrates?

Simple sugars and complex starches.

What are the monomers of carbohydrates called, in general?

Monosaccharides are the simple sugars and are the monomers of carbohydrates.

What are the three monomers of carbohydrates?

Glucose, galactose, and fructose (the suffix ose indicates a sugar).

What is a disaccharide? Give three examples of disaccharides.

Disaccharides are double sugars formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis. Examples: sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose).

What is a polysaccharide? Give four examples.

A polysaccharide is a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds and dehydration synthesis. Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.

Which complex carbohydrate is made and stored by plants?

Starch.

Where is glycogen stored? There are two locations.

Liver and muscles of animals.

Where is the polysaccharide chitin found? There are two locations.

Exoskeletons of some arthropods and fungi cell walls.

What is the function of lipids? There are four answers.

Energy storage; signaling (glycolipids); insulation (body fat); and acting as structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids).

What are the building blocks of lipids?

Fatty acid tails and a glycerol head.

Fats that tend to be liquids are known as:

Unsaturated fats.

Fats that tend to be solids are known as:

Saturated fats.

Which organic compound functions in building tissues and acts as hormones, enzymes, hemoglobin and antibodies?

Proteins.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds.

Name the complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that is known as animal starch and is stored in the muscle tissue and liver of animals.

Glycogen.

Which organic compound contains the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio?

Carbohydrates.

The building blocks of nucleic acids are called:

Nucleotides.

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Define denaturation.

Denaturation is a process where a rise or fall in pH or temperature causes enzymes to change their shape, preventing them from fitting together in the enzyme-substrate complex.

What type of lipid is found in the cell membranes of living organisms?

Phospholipids.

Define dehydration synthesis.

The removal of water to make monomers join into polymers.

Define hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis is the addition of water between the monomers of a polymer to break the polymer into individual monomers; it is a decomposition reaction.

What are the 3 parts of amino acids?

Amino group, carboxyl group, and an R-side chain.

What type of bond joins amino acids together to make a protein molecule?

Peptide bonds.

Are enzymes reusable?

Enzymes can be used over and over and do not change their shape.

Do enzymes work well at high or low temperatures?

Enzymes do not work well at high or low temperatures.

Are enzymes biological catalysts?

Yes, enzymes are biological catalysts.

Are enzymes proteins?

Yes, enzymes are proteins.

Do enzymes work with only one type of substrate?

Yes, enzymes work with only one type of substrate.

The enzyme is not changed and the substrate becomes part of the product.

The enzyme is not changed and the substrate becomes part of the product.

Enzymes are specific and catalyze only one type of chemical reaction.

Enzymes are specific and catalyze only one type of chemical reaction.