Unit 8-9: Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)

List the derived traits of seed plants.

1) Pollen grains make sperm

2) Eggs are made in ovules

3) Ovules become seeds

Define Pollination

Pollination is when Pollen arrives at the part of the seed plant that contains the Ovule.

Define Fertilization

Fertilization is when the Sperm and the Egg fuse.

How did pollen enable seed plants to colonize a wide variety of terrestrial habitats?

Pollen can travel further distances (through the wind and pollinators) and is NOT dependent on water to reach the egg.

What are the parts of an ovule?

1) Cell that produces egg

2) Integument that protects the ovule

What does an ovule become after fertilization takes place?

Zygote, which then becomes an embryo; the integument becomes the seed coat.

What are the three parts of a seed?

1) Embryo

2) Food supply

3) Seed coat

What are advantages of seeds?

1) Can be dispersed long distances

2) Can remain dormant (protective coat) - germination is triggered by optimal environment conditions

3) Contain food supply for seedling growth

What are the four phyla of Gymnosperms?

1) Cyacdophyta

2) Ginkgophyta

3) Gnetophyta

4) Coniferophyta

Which of the Gymnosperm phyla contains only one species? What is this species often used for?

Ginkgophyta - fan shaped leaves, often used in landscaping

Which of the Gymnosperm phyla is the most abundant and diverse?

Coniferophyta

Which Gymnosperm phylum was very abundant during the age of dinosaurs, but is now the most endangered plant group?

Cycadophyta

How are conifers pollinated?

Conifers are wind pollinated.

What are the adaptations of Coniferophyta?

1) Needle-like leaves

2) Evergreen foliage

3) Conical Shape

What is the benefit of Needle-like leaves for Coniferophyta?

1) Snow can't block photosynthesis, unlike regular leaves

2) Thick cuticle to retain water

3) Stomata deep inside needle to prevent freezing

What is the benefit of Evergreen Foliage for Coniferophyta?

Don't drop leaves, photosynthesis as soon as there is enough life (adaption to short seasons)

What is the benefit of Conical Shape for Coniferophyta?

Prevents snow from settling