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Virgin Land

Land that wasn’t touched by the Europeans in America

Beaver

Beavers are essential to the Europeans, as well as the Native Americans because of their pelts. Europeans primarily like pelts for its fashion, whereas Native Americans used this to trade with Europeans in exchange for European goods such as: metal, tools, kettles, and firearms. Because of this hunt for beaver pelts, beavers led to local extinctions of North America beavers.

Ownership v. Sovereignty

Europeans found a way to profit off the land while indigenous populations had no market for land and prioritized group sovereignty.  The different conceptions of land show the disconnect between Europeans and indigenous people

Land as a commodity

Colonists used land as a commodity by using agriculture and through selling/buying land

Freehold Property

Freehold Property was the property that could be bought in the New World by settlers/colonists. Unlike in Europe where many laws dictated how someone can use land and who they had to pass their land down to, in America, a man could do whatever he wanted on his land. Buying and owning property was an integral part of the "american dream" and many viewed this free land as a way to leave the restraints of Europe behind

Subsistence Farming

Subsistence farmers produced goods for their own subsistence. They mostly bargained and traded other subsistence farmers for other products, rarely using money. They had very little reason to think of larger market forces. Subsistence farmers are in direct opposition to the farmers who produced for commerce. They were capitalists seeking to maximize profits and accumulate wealth by growing lots of crops to sell. Subsistence farming was succeeded by commerce farming as colonists began to long for consumer goods to show they were part of a higher class

Empire of Goods

Trade (transAtlantic commerce) triggered urbanization and colonial wealth. The English sent woolens, hardware and especially luxury goods to colonial regions. From 1740 to 1770, there was a 360% rise of English exports to the colonies, especially to cities. Before, the British Empire rarely gave money to the colonies because of their failures. Once the New World was thriving, they finally started to financially support the colonists.

Colonial Cities

Colonial cities arose in societies that fell under the domination of Europe and North America in the early expansion of the capitalist world system, and were founded by colonialism and influenced by Western culture. The colonial relationship required altering the productivity of the colonial society in order that its wealth could be exported to the core nations, and colonial cities centralized this function.

George Whitefield

first great awakening preacher, this important because religion became less strict and supported a idea of personal relationship with god and does’t need the church

Haudenosaunee

confederation of Iroquois League; confederation came before Europeans set foot in unitied states showing their political advancements

Santa Fe

The capital of New Mexico, created by the Spaniards, shows Spanish efforts to expand southwest and control indigenous land and people, which ultimately led to the Pueblo Revolt.

Puritans

Puritans (though they often referred to themselves simply as the “godly”), these dissenters were strict Calvinist Protestants who charged that the English Reformation had not fully purged itself of Catholic heresy. Shows religious freedom in the New World; however, they expected people to follow Puritan religion and disagreed with people who dont practice.

 Pequot War

A brutal conflict in which English colonists from Massachusetts and Connecticut allied with Native American rivals to crush the powerful Pequot tribe in the Connecticut River Valley. The war ended with the near-total destruction of the Pequot people through execution, enslavement, and the burning of their primary village on the Mystic River. This is important because it shows the alliance between other native and english people.

Pueblo Revolt

The Pueblo Revolt (1680) was a coordinated uprising in which Pueblo peoples successfully drove Spanish colonists out of New Mexico for twelve years to reclaim their religious freedom and autonomy. This is important because it showed Indigenous people first ever succesful revolt.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Armed uprising of poor, landless white servants and Black laborers in Virginia against Governor Berkeley over frontier Indian policy and elite corruption. Its aftermath prompted Virginia’s ruling class to shift heavily from indentured servitude to racialized African slavery to prevent future united class rebellions.

 King Philip’s War

A devastating conflict between New England colonists and a coalition of Native American tribes led by the Wampanoag chief Metacom (King Philip), which resulted in the destruction of dozens of English towns and the ultimate collapse of Native resistance in southern New England.

Middle Passage

Transatlantic voyage that forcibly transported millions of enslaved Africans to the Americas under inhumane, crowded, and deadly conditions is important because the mass exportation of africans was deadly, and now indentured servants were not as common so they used mass exportation.

 Chattel Slavery in the Americas

race based slavery, a system that treats individuals as personal property to be bought or sold

Transition to Slavery in the Chesapeake

Less migrants came to the the colonies for work and indentured servitude was becoming less common because the American appeal wore off, England started to play a larger role in the slave trade, an african slave kept for a lifetime became more valuable than an english indertured servertant for six years.

 African Diaspora

Geographically dispersed community, a community connected by a remembered or envisioned relationship to their distant homeland. Africans born in the colonies had relations to their ancestors in America. While Africans that survived the Middle Passage had relations to Africa. This is important because they were creating their own kinship within their community. Trying to make European violence more bearable so as not to get their spirits down.

Crusades

Series of religiously motivated military expeditions by European Christians in the medieval era to seize control of Jerusalem and other lands held by non-Christian. This is important because it wasnt land movtivated wanted to convert people.

Reconquista

Crusades by Catholic powers on the Iberian Peninsula to oust Muslim rule and colonize Atlantic islands between the eighth and fifteenth centuries.

Limpieza de Sangre

cleansing of jews and muslims in spanish land - convert religious minorites this is important becuase people who converted to catholiticms where still discriminated against despite converting, bringing these ideals to the new world. Important because they needed to have clean blood to go to school or do certain things in Spain.

Saö Tome and Principe

Portuguese colonies off the African coast, in 1485 they were colonized and named, and a large group of Jewish children was taken from Portugal to the South Atlantic to be brought up as Christians.

Adelantados

advancements men who organized expectations for the spanish monarchy, Canary Islands, important because Spaniards’ motives were religious; adelantados wanted wealth from spainsh crown

Tainos

native people in puerto rico and dominican republic

 The Great Dying

long period of time, colombian exchange/ disease/ climate change (little ice age) caused people to die. This is important because it killed many natives, which gave europeans the upper hand.

Columbian Exchange

Massive transfer of people, animals, plants, microbes, commodities, ideas, and information across the Atlantic Ocean in the decades following Columbus’s voyages

Ayuba Suleiman Diallo

Born in west africa region and raised muslim. He was captured and sold to an English slaver. Diallo was taken to Maryland and put to work on a tobacco farm. He was highly literate and wrote a letter about his ordeal. Since the slave translator said Diallo’s family was rich and powerful the letter made it and even to London where an Arabic professor at oxford translated it to english. This interested officials at the Royal African Company and negotiated an agreement. Diallo supplied gold, gum and non muslim traders to enslave. While Diallo got his freedom.

Beringia

the land bridge connecting north america and asia, climate change sunk it shows early migration and climate plays a part

Chaco Canyon

The largest city of Ancestral Puebloans, located in present-day New Mexico, which housed a population of several thousand most lived in stone block houses it was a metropolitan area with miles of road that flowed into and out of the city

Cahokia

Mississippian civilization in present day illinois with large earthwork mounds (Monks Mound: a mound made by Cahokia people hands) and a population of ten to twenty thousand

Chunkey

Popular Cahokian hoop-and-pole game that became a major part of Mississippian culture