[MMW] M3 - Problem Solving and Reasoning

studied byStudied by 9 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

REASONING

1 / 19

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

20 Terms

1

REASONING

  • Essence of reasoning: search for truth

  • We can consider something to be true if the available evidence seems to verify it. The more evidence we have, the stronger our conclusion can be

  • “You can’t prove the truth, but using deductive and inductive reasoning, you can get close.”

New cards
2

search for truth

essence of reasoning

New cards
3

deductive

inductive

types of reasoning

New cards
4

inductive reasoning

  • Drawing conclusions from facts using logic

  • If an inductive argument is strong, the truth of the premise would mean the conclusion is likely

  • If the inductive argument is weak, the logic connecting the premise and conclusion is incorrect

    • Observations and real life experiences

  • Specific to general

    • AKA Scientific Method

New cards
5

scientific method

inductive reasoning is also known as ______

New cards
6

generalized

statistical

sample

analogous

predictive

casual inference

5 types of inductive reasoning

New cards
7

generalized

draws a conclusion from a generalization

  • “All the swans I have seen are white; therefore, all swans are probably white.”

New cards
8

statistical

  • Draws a conclusion based on statistics

  • Generalization

    • “95% of swans are white; therefore, a randomly selected swan will probably be white”

New cards
9

sample

  • Draws a conclusion about one group based on a different sample group

  • 1 group

    • “There are ten swans in this pond and are all white; therefore, the swans in my neighbor’s pond are probably also white”

New cards
10

analogous

  • Draws a conclusion based on shared properties of two groups

  • 2 groups

    • “All Aylesbury ducks are white. Swans are similar to Aylesbury ducks. Therefore, all swans are probably white.”

New cards
11

predictive

  • Draws a conclusion based on a prediction made using a past sample

  • Past sample

    • “I visited this pond last year and all the swans were white. Therefore, when I visit again, all the swans will probably be white.”

New cards
12

causal inference

  • Draws a conclusion based on casual connection

  • Cause and effect

    • “All the swans in this pond are white. I just saw a white bird in the pond. The bird was probably a swan.”

New cards
13

deductive reasoning

  • Begins with a broad truth (the major premise), followed by the more specific statement (the minor premise), then the conclusion

  • Black and white; a conclusion is either true or false, and cannot be partly true or partly false

    • General to specific

New cards
14

inductive - predictive

Terry is always with James. Terry came to the party today so James must also be at the party.

is this inductive or deductive?

New cards
15

inductive

I see fireflies in my backyard every summer. This summer, I will probably see fireflies in my backyard.

New cards
16

deductive

Everytime I see Terry, James is with him, therefore Terry and James must always be together.

\n is this inductive or deductive?

New cards
17

intuition

  • Representation, an explanation, or an interpretation directly accepted by us as something normal, self-evident, intrinsically meaningful, like a simple, given fact

New cards
18

proof

  • An inferential argument for a mathematical statement

  • In the argument, other previously established statements, such as theorems, can be used

  • In principle, a proof can be traced back to self-evident or assumed statements, known as axioms, along with accepted rules of inference

New cards
19

certainty

  • Perfect knowledge that has total security from error, or the mental state of being without doubt

  • Objectively defined, certainty is total continuity and validity of all foundational inquiry, to the highest degree of precision

  • Something is certain only if no skepticism can occur

New cards
20

understand the problem

devise a plan

carry out the plan

look back

Polya’s 4 Steps in Problem Solving

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 34 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 57 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 22 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1975 people
... ago
4.7(11)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (93)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (115)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (22)
studied byStudied by 17 people
... ago
5.0(3)
flashcards Flashcard (75)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (29)
studied byStudied by 27 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (134)
studied byStudied by 2615 people
... ago
4.0(26)
robot