Unit 3 and 4

Sultan

Ottoman ruler.

Caliph

Religious leader of Islam.

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman soldiers.

Devshirme

Recruitment system for Christian boys for military and governmental service.

Gunpowder Empire

Empires that relied on gunpowder weapons to expand their territory.

Millet System

System of religious tolerance allowing minority groups to govern themselves.

Standing Army

A permanent, professional army maintained by a state.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that restored Han Chinese rule and emphasized Confucian traditions.

Qing Dynasty

Chinese dynasty founded by the Manchus that expanded China's territory.

Confucianism

Chinese philosophy emphasizing order, hierarchy, and respect.

Civil Service Exam

Chinese examination system to select government officials.

Tribute System

Regulatory framework governing foreign relations.

Zheng He

Chinese explorer known for his massive naval expeditions.

Acclimate

To become accustomed to a new climate or environment.

Transoceanic Voyages

Long-distance sea travel that connected Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

Mercantilism

Economic system where colonies exist to benefit the mother country.

Joint-Stock Company

Business owned by multiple investors who share risks and profits.

Cannon

Large artillery weapon used in sieges and warfare.

Absolutism

Political system where a monarch holds total power.

Constitutional Monarchy

Government with limited monarch power and representative institutions.

Spanish Armada

Late 1500s fleet used by Spain in an attempt to invade England.

Syncretism

Blending of cultural or religious traditions.

Cash Crops

Crops grown for sale rather than personal use.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, people, plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

Plantation Economy

Large-scale agricultural production using coerced labor.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Forced movement of Africans to the Americas.

Potosí

Major silver mining center in present-day Bolivia.

Cultural Blending

Mixing of cultural or religious traditions.

Missionaries

Religious figures spreading Christianity.

New World Crops

Crops such as maize and potatoes introduced to Europe.

Silver Inflation

Rise in prices caused by excess silver entering Europe.

What Dynasty did the Qing replace?

Ming Dynasty

Babur

founded the Mughal Empire

Mit’a system

forced labor system used by the Inca Empire used for agriculture and mining.