Chapter 17: The New South and the New West, 1865–1900 - Inquizitive

The new generation of African Americans born after the Civil War were much more submissive than their parents, fearful that any transgression would spur the resurgence of slave labor.

false

The 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty ensured that Plains Indians maintained some of their ancestral homeland. What contributed to the provisions of the treaty?

chiefs from numerous plains Indian tribes agreed to accept defined territorial borders for the native Americans but had to allow white settlers' wagon caravans to pass through

What change did the national census of 1890 indicate that had not previously occurred in U.S. history?

It was the first census to indicate that Americans had populated the country from coast to coast.

In a devastated South, many White southerners began to romanticize the Old South and embrace the idea of the "Lost Cause."
How did this nostalgia effect the creation of a so-called New South?

The "Lost Cause" was a view of southerners during the Civil War as righteous defenders of their homeland and culture against northern aggression.

Identify the experiences for women in the American West that were unique from those of women in the rest of the country.

- In mining towns, the ratio of men to women was 9 to 1
- Because of the constant fight for survival, married women became more equal partners with their husbands than in the East.
- women on the prairie became more independent than women back East

Complete the passage describing Mississippi policies concerning the African American community.

Mississippi was the leading state in (voter suppression) for both Black and poor Whites. In 1890, the state adopted the (Mississippi Plan), which consisted of various state constitutional amendments that initiated a wave of similar legislation that would spread to (9) additional states

During the late nineteenth century, what were the social and economic circumstances that advocates for a New South faced in the postwar South compared to those in the North?

- The South was far less industrial than the North and depended on the region for goods that southern states were incapable of manufacturing themselves.
- The South was far less successful than the North, both in education and per capita income.

The steady decline in the price of cotton failed to incentivize farmers to stop producing the less profitable crop.

true

Identify the ideas and attitudes that inspired the suppression of African American civil rights in the late nineteenth-century South.

the revival in the belief of the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon "race"
- the desperation of southern Whites who resented any economic or political success among African American

Match the following western settlers with their destinations.

cowboys - originated in Texas + traveled northward, with many ending up in Great Basin of Utah + Nevada
farmers - moved their families west into the Great Plains
miners - lured by the most recent strike, traveled east from California into Utah + Nevada

How did an economic system of sharecroppers and tenants fail to uphold Henry Grady's vision of the New South?

- Land became extremely difficult to acquire, and a majority of southern farmers were landless and barely surviving.
- The agricultural landscape of the South was far less diverse than Grady envisioned.
- The South was much less industrial than Grady envisioned.

As large-scale corporations became more involved in mining operations in the West, many former prospectors became wage laborers for the companies. In turn, these miners formed unions to represent their interests. Identify the responsibilities of the unions.

- to defend miners in cases of on-the-job injury
- to negotiate with mining companies to address the issue of low wages

Frederick Jackson Turner theorized that the West would maintain all of the characteristics that arose as a result of the frontier era.

false

Identify the various strategies of voter suppression carried out through the Mississippi Plan.

- requiring voters to reside in the state for two years, with one-year residency in the election district
- requiring voters to have paid all taxes, including a specific tax for voting called a poll tax
- prohibiting voters convicted of certain crimes from casting a ballot

Complete the passage describing the historic Supreme Court decision that shaped southern race relations in late nineteenth-century America.

The Supreme Court case of (Plessy v. Ferguson) was pivotal in its establishment of the practice of separate facilities for Black and White southerners. The case began with a man of one-eighth African descent who chose to remain in an exclusively White rail car and was found in violation of the law. This historic ruling legally sanctioned the practice of (segregation) in public spaces and inspired a new wave of regulations known as the (Jim Crow laws) that shaped almost every aspect of southern life

Complete the passage to describe the Ghost Dance movement in the late nineteenth century.

In 1888, a Native American named (Wovoka) claimed to have visited the spirit world and announced that a deliverer would be coming to help Indians restore their native lands. To hasten this development, he urged Native Americans to perform a ceremonial dance that would make them (bulletproof) in battles with White soldiers.

By 1890, this ceremonial Ghost Dance had spread to (Lakota Sioux) in South Dakota. The dance frightened White authorities in the area, who banned it, leading to tension during which nervous soldiers fired into peaceful crowds of Native Americans. This gunfire resulted in the Battle of (Wounded Knee), in which more than 200 Indians died.

Which statements are true of the Exodusters and their experiences?

- Exodusters were African Americans who migrated to Kansas from southern states and experienced the hardships of frontier life.
- The experiences of Blacks in the South were far worse than their circumstances in the West.

In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act, which offered 160-acre homesteads to individual settlers willing to farm western lands. A Montanan homesteader said, "I was raised in Chicago without so much as a back yard to play in, and I worked 48 hours a week for $1.25. When I heard you [a married couple] could get 320 acres just by living on it, I felt that I had been offered a kingdom."

What does this quotation suggest about the social or economic forces that may have driven homesteaders to seek new opportunities in the West?

- Limited land and space in urbanized areas pushed some to consider accepting the possible challenges of life in the West.
- To some, the image of farm life and the autonomy it provided was an attractive alternative to urbanized labor.

Contrary to romanticized depictions of life in the West, in reality, miners, farmers, ranchers, women, railroad workers, and others often faced hardship as they sought to carve out a life for themselves in the region.

Which statements accurately describe some of the challenges experienced by migrants in the West?

The push for quick profits contributed to a boom-and-bust economic cycle in the region.
The adoption of barbed-wire fencing caused many smaller-scale cattle ranchers to go out of business.
The rise of commercial agriculture meant that many small farmers were unable to keep up.

In the midst of the Jim Crow system of the late nineteenth century, which of the following are examples of African American resistance?

Ida B. Wells used journalism to attack injustice and advocate for the protection of African American voting rights.
In response to being excluded from White schools and churches, African Americans established their own institutions, which became hubs for the development of Black community life.
Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute for vocational training and urged Black Americans to work hard to achieve economic self-sufficiency.

Which of the following are examples of the emergence of a New South after Reconstruction?

- a greater focus on modernization and vocational training to increase the efficiency of farming in the South
- a dramatic expansion of the textile industry, which produced cotton-based goods
- the emergence of a new class of southern leaders known as redeemers, who were conservative, White, pro-business politicians

Between 1865 and 1900, both the West and South had changed considerably. Identify the statements that accurately reflect this transformation.

- The introduction of commercial farming in the West meant that many homesteaders had become wage laborers who migrated from state to state depending on the growing season.
- The discontent of western and southern farmers and farmworkers connected the two groups and gave rise to the Populist movement.
- Americans had spread across the entire continent from one ocean to another, marking the end to the frontier era.

The Indian wars were bloody conflicts between U.S. soldiers and Native Americans that raged in the West from the early 1860s to the late 1870s.Match the following events that took place during the Indian wars to the correct descriptions.

- Red River War: This conflict between federal troops and southern Plains Indians resulted in the latter's defeat.- Report on The Condition Of The Indian Tribes: Congress decided to ask Native Americans to give up their ancestral lands and move to faraway reservations in return for peace.- Battle Of Little Bighorns: During this conflict federal troops suffered a resounding defeat to Sioux forces, but eventually prevailed in the Great Sioux War.- Sand Creek Massacre: Promised protection by the territorial governor of Colorado, 165 Native Americans were massacred by a federal militia.

Which statements does the video support regarding the crop-lien system and its effects on the South as a region?

Under the crop-lien system, a landless farmer would negotiate with a farm owner to work part of that owner's land in exchange for a portion of the resulting crop.
The crop-lien system offered a solution to the devastated and cash-strapped South in the wake of the Civil War.

Complete the passage concerning the Wilmington Insurrection (1898).

In 1898, a mob of White townspeople in Wilmington, North Carolina, destroyed Black-owned businesses and attacked African American neighborhoods in the town. (Sixty) were killed and dozens wounded. The mob stormed city hall and forced the Black government officials and their (Republican) allies to resign.
The insurrection marked the first time that an elected municipal government was forcibly overthrown. After the insurrection, the state legislature created (voter restrictions) for Black citizens.

Though Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were both influential activists for racial equality, they often had conflicting ideas regarding the African American response to race relations in the South.
Match the ideas with the African American leader with whom they are best associated.

W. E. B. Du BoisW. E. B. Du BoisW. E. B. Du BoisPress Space to open
Correct label:the immediate fight for "social equality"
Correct label:a strategy of "ceaseless agitation"
Correct label:the "double consciousness" felt by African Americans

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. WashingtonBooker T. WashingtonPress Space to open
Correct label:a strategy of accommodation to gain the support of Whites
Correct label:self-improvement as a priority over social change
Correct label:the message of the Atlanta Compromise

What conclusions does the map suggest about the rise of the New West?

One of the most prosperous mining discoveries, the Comstock Lode, was located in Nevada.
The cattle industry tended to spring up in grassland regions, such as Kansas and Colorado.

What impact did the growth of the cattle industry have on ranchers in the West?

- The introduction of barbed wire ended the open range, in which ranchers had used land cooperatively, and put many ranchers out of business.
- The growth of railroad networks increased the value of western cattle, which could now be herded onto railroad cars and shipped to the Midwest.

Which statements are true regarding the Civil Rights Cases of 1883?

The Civil Rights Cases of 1883 allowed racial discrimination in the South.
The Supreme Court ruled the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional.
The Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to private citizens or businesses.

How did the crop-lien system affect cotton production and economic development in the post-Civil War era?

The crop-lien system encouraged persistent production of cotton, and the crop continued to dominate southern agriculture as it had before the Civil War.
The overproduction of cotton ensured that cotton prices steadily declined after the Civil War.

Complete the passage describing farmers in the post-Civil War United States.

Between the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the turn of the century, both the South and the West experienced major economic shifts. The rise of commercial farms in the West changed the nature of farming by driving numerous (homesteaders)—small independent landowners—out of business. These individuals in turn often became (wage laborers) on commercial farms. In this way, they were often treated similarly to (sharecroppers), mostly associated with the the South at the time.

What were some of the reasons for the emergence of the People's party during the 1890s?

- The belief that the U.S. government had moved away from its founding principles and no longer represented the interests of the American people spread among impoverished Americans.
- Communities in the South and the West tried to gain more political power and representation at the expense of established eastern elites.

Identify the key players in the crop-lien system.

- Sharecroppers: usually African Americans who worked an owner's land in return for food, board, and supplies- Small Farm Owners: often purchased supplies on credit from local merchants, promising them a share of the future crop- Share Tenants: usually poor white farmers who may have had their own supplies but needed to rent land- Large Land Owners: often scammed workers out of their fair share of crops, leaving workers with a larger debt than when they arrived

Identify the conditions and circumstances that made life difficult for settlers in the West.

tornadoes
lack of trees
declining crop prices

An Alabama newspaper editor stated: "Our blood boils when the educated Negro asserts himself politically."What does this quotation reveal about African American civil rights at the end of the nineteenth century?

It reflects the resentment of White southerners toward any economic or political improvements in the Black community.
It embodies the attitude of White supremacy that spurred systematic suppression of African American civil rights in the South.