Chapter 02 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules – Fill-in-the-Blank Flashcards

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering matter, atoms, bonds, water, mixtures, organic compounds, nucleic acids, proteins, and related concepts from the lecture notes.

Matter has mass and occupies space; the three forms are __.

solid, liquid, gas

The four elements that make up 96% of the body are __, __, __, and __.

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

The subatomic particles in an atom are neutrons, protons, and __.

electrons

Electrons are located at varying distances from the nucleus in regions called __.

electron orbitals

Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of __.

neutrons

The rule that complete outer shells have eight electrons is called the __ rule.

octet

Ionic bonds are bonds between cations and anions held together in a __ lattice.

lattice

A covalent bond involves electrons that are __ between atoms.

shared

Glucose and galactose are __ because they have the same molecular formula but different structures.

isomers

Carbon forms up to __ bonds to satisfy the octet rule.

four

In carbon skeletons, additional atoms are __.

hydrogen

A bond that results from unequal sharing of electrons is a __ covalent bond.

polar

Nonpolar covalent bonds occur when atoms have equal attraction for electrons; these bonds are __.

nonpolar

Amphipathic molecules have both polar and nonpolar regions; an example is __.

phospholipids

A hydrogen bond forms between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom; this interaction is a __ bond.

hydrogen

Water is a polar molecule due to __ sharing of electrons.

unequal

Water has three phases: gas, liquid, and __.

solid

Water's high specific heat helps keep body __ constant.

temperature

Hydrophilic means ‘water-loving’ and is used to describe substances that dissolve in water; the term is __.

hydrophilic

Substances that do not dissolve in water are called __.

hydrophobic

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures; true solutions are transparent and __ throughout.

homogeneous

Molarity is a measure of concentration defined as moles of solute per liter of __.

solution

Molarity is the number of moles per liter of __.

solution

Lipids are a diverse group; the four primary classes are triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and __.

eicosanoids

Triglycerides are formed from glycerol and three fatty acids; the process is called __ synthesis.

dehydration synthesis

Phospholipids form the __ bilayer.

phospholipid

Steroids include cholesterol and steroid hormones such as testosterone and __.

estrogen

Eicosanoids are modified __ fatty acids involved in inflammatory response and nervous system communication.

20-carbon

Glucose is a __ monosaccharide and the primary energy source for cells.

six-carbon

Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle; the formation of glycogen is called __.

glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to __ in the liver.

glucose

Disaccharides are two simple sugars bonded together; common examples include sucrose, lactose, and __.

maltose

DNA is a __-stranded molecule.

double

RNA is a __-stranded molecule.

single

ATP stands for adenosine __ triphosphate.

triphosphate

A nucleotide has three components: sugar, phosphate group, and a __ base.

nitrogenous

Two purines are and .

adenine and guanine

Nucleic acids store and transfer genetic __.

information

Amino acids are covalently linked by __ bonds.

peptide

Amino acids have a side chain called the __ group.

R

N-terminal end has a free __ group.

amine

C-terminal end has a free __ group.

carboxyl

Secondary structure of proteins includes the alpha helix and the __ sheet.

beta

Hemoglobin is an example of a protein with two or more strands arranged in a structure; it has strands.

quaternary, four

Denaturation is a conformational change that disturbs protein activity and is usually __; it can be caused by high temperature or pH changes.

irreversible

Denaturation can also be caused by changes in __.

pH