apwh final review

African Participation in Slave Trade

Participation of African elites in capturing and selling enslaved people in exchange for goods and political power

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

A deadly disease spread through trade routes in the 14th century that devastated Afro-Eurasian populations

Silk Roads

Overland trade routes connecting East Asia, the Middle East, and Europe

Indian Ocean Trade

Maritime trade network linking East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade routes across the Sahara exchanging gold, salt, and enslaved people

Mughal Empire

Muslim empire in South Asia known for centralized rule and religious tolerance

Ottoman Empire

Islamic empire that used gunpowder weapons, bureaucracy, and trade control

Gunpowder Empires

Empires that rose to power through firearms and cannons

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman soldiers recruited through the devshirme system

Devshirme System

Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys for military and state service

Safavid Empire

Shi’a Muslim empire in Persia and rival of the Ottomans

State Building

Process of strengthening centralized political authority

Bureaucracy

System of government administration run by trained officials

Tributary System

Diplomatic system where weaker states paid tribute to stronger states

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol-ruled dynasty in China that expanded trade and foreign contact

Mongols

Nomadic conquerors who created the largest land empire in history

Pax Mongolica

Period of peace and stability across Eurasia under Mongol rule

Syncretism

Blending of different religious or cultural traditions

Sufism

Mystical branch of Islam that spread the religion through missionaries

Spread of Islam

Expansion of Islam through trade, conquest, and cultural diffusion

Delhi Sultanate

Muslim-ruled state in northern India blending Islamic and Indian traditions

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, people, diseases, and ideas between Old and New Worlds

Smallpox

Old World disease that devastated Indigenous populations in the Americas

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system granting colonists control over Indigenous labor

Mit’a System

Forced labor system adapted from the Inca Empire by the Spanish

Atlantic Slave Trade

Forced transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas

Middle Passage

Brutal sea journey enslaved Africans endured to the Americas

Chattel Slavery

System where enslaved people were treated as lifelong property

Slave Rebellion

Resistance by enslaved people through revolts or daily resistance

Maroon Communities

Settlements formed by escaped enslaved people

Social Hierarchy (New Spain)

Race-based class system in colonial Latin America

Peninsulares

Spain-born elites at the top of colonial society

Creoles

People of European descent born in the Americas

Mestizos

People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry

Indentured Servitude

Labor system where people worked for a set time in exchange for passage or pay

Mercantilism

Economic system focused on maximizing exports and accumulating wealth through colonies

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership, profit, and market competition

Plantation Economy

Large-scale farming system dependent on enslaved labor

Land Expansion

Growth of territory through conquest, settlement, or colonization

Imperialism

Policy of extending power through territorial acquisition

Meiji Restoration

Japan’s period of rapid modernization and industrialization

Industrialization

Shift from hand production to machine-based manufacturing

Lateen Sail

Triangular sail allowing ships to sail against the wind

Caravel

Fast, maneuverable European exploration ship

Compass

Navigational tool used to determine direction at sea

Astrolabe

Device used to determine latitude while navigating

Cultural Diffusion

Spread of ideas, beliefs, and technologies between societies

Legitimization of Power

Methods rulers used to justify authority, such as religion or law

Divine Right

Belief that rulers were chosen by God

Feudalism

Decentralized system of land-based power relationships

Serfdom

Labor system binding peasants to land owned by nobles

Tax Farming

Practice of outsourcing tax collection to private individuals

Standing Army

Permanent professional military force

Centralized Government

Political system where power is concentrated in a central authority

Trade Diasporas

Merchant communities settled abroad to facilitate trade

Economic Specialization

Focus on producing specific goods for trade

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to trade or industrialization

Caste System

Rigid social hierarchy in India based on birth

Confucianism

Philosophy emphasizing hierarchy, order, and respect

Civil Service Exams

Tests used in China to select government officials

Neo-Confucianism

Revival of Confucian ideas emphasizing moral discipline

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese belief that rulers governed with divine approval

Nomadic Pastoralists

People who herded animals and moved seasonally

Joint-Stock Company

Business owned by shareholders to spread financial risk

Commercial Revolution

Expansion of trade, banking, and finance in Europ