30 Required Models & Theories for AP Human Geography (copy)

Latitude

Based on the equator, it indicates horizontal lines on the Earth's surface.

Longitude

Based on the prime meridian, it indicates vertical lines on the Earth's surface.

GIS

A system to layer different maps to display patterns in data.

Thematic Maps

Maps that represent data with a specific theme, such as Isoline, Dot, and Choropleth.

Population Pyramids

Graphs that show demographic patterns using sex and age data.

DTM (Demographic Transition Model)

A model that describes the transition of countries through five stages based on birth and death rates.

Epidemiological Transition Theory

Links to DTM, showing the types of diseases a country faces based on its development stage.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Theories that describe common migration patterns including distance, urban migration, and counterflows.

Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

Describes predominant migration patterns based on a country's demographic stage.

Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

The idea that population grows exponentially while food production grows linearly, leading to potential shortages.

S-Curve

A model illustrating the rate of adoption of innovations over time.

Language Tree

A diagram showing the ancestry and relationships of languages.

Organic Theory

The view that nations need to acquire land and resources to survive and thrive, akin to living organisms.

Mackinder's Heartland Theory

The theory that controlling Eastern Europe/Russia is key to global power.

Spykman's Rimland Theory

Suggests that control over the coastal fringes of Eurasia is pivotal for global dominance.

Domino Theory

The concept that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also be influenced similarly.

Core-Periphery Model

Describes the economic and social relationships between developed core countries and developing peripheral countries.

Von Thunen Model

Illustrates the location of agricultural activities around a city based on transportation costs.

Ester Boserup's Theory

Argues that agricultural production will increase in response to population growth.

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

A five-stage model of economic development from traditional society to high mass consumption.

Wallerstein's World System Theory

Describes the global economic system divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries.

Dependency Theory

Highlights the dependence of developing countries on developed countries due to historical colonialism.

Weber's Least Cost Theory

Emphasizes the importance of minimizing transportation and production costs in industrial location.

Christaller's Central Place Theory

Explains the distribution of cities and services based on consumer behavior and travel distances.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

A model describing urban land use in concentric rings around a central business district.

Gravity Model

Proposes that cities attract people based on their size and distance.

Hoyt Sector Model

A city layout where different socio-economic groups are arranged in sectors radiating from the center.

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

A model of urban land use with multiple centers of business activity.

Borchert's Evolution of the American Urban System

Examines the historical development of American cities based on transportation technology.

Zipf's Rank-Size Rule

A principle stating that the nth largest city will be 1/n the size of the largest city.

Bid-Rent Curve

Shows the relationship between land prices and distance from the central city.