social psych quiz 3

Person perception

How people perceive others

Stereotypes

Judgment based on group membership

Self presentation

Controlling how others see you

Group influence and conformity

omplying with actions of others

What does eyewitness testimony rely on?

Attention and memory can also be biased and distorted

Three conclusions about eyewitness testimony

1. they are imperfect

2. Certain personal and situational factors systematically influence eyewitness performance

3. judges, juries, and lawyers are not well informed about these factors

Three stages process of memory

Acquisition, storage, retrieval

Acquisition

Witness perception at the time of the event

Wegner 1994

Sometimes the harder we try to inhibit a thought, feeling, or behavior, the less likely we are to succeed

Intergroup conflict

Negative experience with outgroup members leads to prejudice and stereotyping

Robbers cave study

A study where two groups of boys were put against each other to observe the dynamics of intergroup conflict and cooperation revealed that competition can lead to hostility between groups. It demonstrated how competition over resources can escalate intergroup conflict, leading to negative feelings towards outgroup members.

superordinate goals

shared goals that can be achieved through cooperation between different groups, encouraging collaboration and reducing hostility.

Realistic conflict theory

Direct competition for valuable but limited resources creates conflict between groups and can lead to prejudice and discrimination.

Relative deprivation

Feelings of discontent are aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared to others

What does it take to make people change their stereotypical beliefs?

Bookkeeping model, conversion model, subtyping model

Bookkeeping model

People add and subtract information from their stereotypes. Stereotype is adjusted based on small pieces of disconfirming evidence. Change occurs slowly

Conversion model

People see “the light” based on undeniably contradictory evidence. Dramatic information causes change. Less obvious instances of disconfirmation go unnoticed

Subtyping model

When a discrepant case is encountered, a special category is created to accommodate it, allowing the original stereotype to remain unchanged.

the four conditions that are ideal for intergroup contact to serve as a treatment for prejudice

Equal status, personal interaction, cooperative activities, social norms

When a stereotype is applied

it influences a persons perceptions and interactions with members of a stereotyped group

Effects of activated stereotypes

Biased interpretation of behavior

Stereotypes are…

always “in the air”, pervasive and persistent, sometimes overt, sometimes subtle, often unconsciously activated, even for those strongly motivated toward egalitarian behaviors, impact our behaviors, used by everyone

stereotype threat

the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can impair performance and increase anxiety.

When does stereotype threat happen?

occurs when individuals are being evaluated, in a competition, when being represented, or when they are aware of the stereotype in relevant contexts.

Negative stereotypes happen when…

psychological stress response, negative cycle of thoughts and emotions, interferrence with working memory capacity

How does stereotype threat occur?

It occurs when individuals are aware of negative stereotypes about their group during evaluations or competitive situations, leading to anxiety and potential performance impairment.

Factors that can facilitate automatic activation

Prototypicality, situational context, prejudice, and motivation

Four categories of motivated activation

Comprehension, self-enhancement, social adjustment, and motivation to control prejudice

Stereotypes

Beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics

Prejudice

negative feelings toward others because of their memberships in certain groups

Discrimination

Behavior directed against a person because of their membership in a particular group

Categorization

Natural and necessary process to organize and understand information by linking similar groups together

Social Categorization

the classification of people into groups on the basis of common attributes

In groups

groups to which we feel a sense of belonging, membership, and identity

out group

groups we DONT feel a sense of belonging, memership, and identity with

collective effort model

Individuals try hard on a collective task when they think their efforts will help them achieve outcomes they personally value

social compensation

Increasing personal efforts on collective tasks to try to compensate for anticipated social loafing or poor performance by other group members

Social loafing

efforts on easy tasks are reduced when contributions of all group members are pooled together

Mere presence (Zajonc’s explanation)

The mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects

Evaluation apprehension

The presence of others will produce social facilitation effects:

Comprehension goals

need to form accurate impressions of others and understand why things happen

self enhancement goals

need to see oneself in a positive light

social adjustment

people automatically alter behavior in order to fit a situation and adhere to norms

motivation to control prejudice

desire to avoid being prejudiced because of values and concern others will see them as prejudiced

Stereotype Application

the more strongly a stereotype has been activated, the more likely it will be applied

Individual differences in people’s motivation to acquire and use information

need for cognition, causal uncertainty, need for closure

Two routes to persuasion

the central route and the peripheral route.

persuasion

process by which our attitudes are changed