mhr final

What is the difference between a group and a team?

A group is a collection of two or more people, while a team involves individuals working interdependently over time to achieve common task-oriented goals.

Define interdependence and explain its role in group dynamics.

Interdependence refers to outcomes for all group members depending on each member's behaviour. It plays a crucial role in group dynamics by shaping how individuals collaborate to achieve shared goals.

How is group performance evaluated, and what does it indicate about the group's effectiveness?

Group performance is evaluated by comparing the average individual score to the group score. If the group score is higher, it indicates process gain, while a lower group score suggests process loss.

Provide examples of process gain and process loss in group performance.

Process gain occurs when the group outperforms the average individual, whereas process loss happens when the group performs worse than the sum of individual scores.

What is social loafing, and how does it impact team motivation?

Social loafing is a motivational loss where members feel less accountable for team outcomes, reducing their effort. It negatively impacts team motivation by undermining individual contributions.

Discuss formal and informal solutions to address social loafing.

Formal solutions include calling out or punishing free riders, making individual performance visible, changing incentive systems, establishing contracts, and having leaders enforce cooperation. Informal solutions involve gossip, morality, guilt, and shame.

Explain the concept of a social dilemma and provide an example.

A social dilemma is a situation where individual self-interest conflicts with collective interests. An example is social loafing, where team members may withhold effort, relying on others to compensate.

Define "voice" in the context of employee dissatisfaction.

Voice refers to the constructive expression of disagreement or dissatisfaction by employees, customers, or citizens, providing an alternative to "exit" or complaining.

What are the options for someone dissatisfied as an employee, customer, or citizen, according to Hirschman's framework?

Options include "exit" (leaving), "voice" (expressing dissatisfaction), or building coalitions and complaining, representing economic and political choices.

Identify biases against information sharing within groups.

Biases include preference bias (sticking to initial opinions), ownership bias (favouring one's information), corroboration bias (valuing corroborated information), and the tendency to discuss shared information before unshared information.

How can the Curse of Knowledge affect communication, and what is its impact?

The Curse of Knowledge occurs when experts underestimate the difficulty novices face. It hinders effective communication by assuming others share the same level of understanding.

Describe the six principles of making ideas "sticky" according to Heath & Heath.

The six principles are simplicity, unexpectedness, concreteness, credibility, emotion, and storytelling, which enhance the understandability, memorability, and effectiveness of ideas.

Explain the Robustness Principle and its relevance to communication protocols.

The Robustness Principle advises being liberal in what you accept and conservative in what you send, promoting reliability and interoperability in communication protocols.

According to equity theory, how does a person evaluate the fairness of a situation, and what form of bounded rationality does this process represent?

A person evaluates the fairness of a situation based on the input/reward ratio of a salient other as a reference point. This process represents framing as a form of bounded rationality.

What are the limitations summarized in the case related to decision-making?

Limited data, conflicting advice, situational pressures, and assumptions are the limitations, including incomplete information, inconsistent formats, misleading presentation, and varying source credibility.

Describe the rational decision-making process and contrast it with intuition.

The rational decision-making process involves identifying the problem, searching for relevant information, developing alternative solutions, evaluating solutions, choosing the best one, implementing it, and monitoring. Intuition, on the other hand, relies on instincts and personal judgment.

Explain the concept of availability bias and the representativeness heuristic.

Availability bias involves making judgments based on the ease with which examples come to mind. The representativeness heuristic involves making judgments about the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype or representative model.

How can the vanishing options test be used to overcome narrow framing in decision-making?

The vanishing options test prompts individuals to consider alternatives outside the current options, encouraging a broader perspective and avoiding narrow framing.

What leadership style would an employee lacking confidence in task-related skills most likely appreciate?

An employee lacking confidence in task-related skills would most likely appreciate directive leadership.

Explain the resource dependence theory and identify the sources of power.

The resource dependence theory states that A has power over B if B depends on A for some valued resource. Sources of power include reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power.

Define leadership and leader effectiveness according to leadership characterization theory.

Leadership involves using power and influence to direct follower activities toward goal achievement. Leader effectiveness is the degree to which a leader's actions achieve goals, earn continued commitment, and develop trusting relationships, often based on prototypical leadership characteristics.

Discuss the factors that make some leaders more effective, including leader emergence traits.

Traits such as extraversion, need for dominance, and narcissism tend to predict leader emergence more than effectiveness. Effective leaders vary their behavior based on follower ability, task features, and situational factors.

Describe different leader decision-making styles and their positions on the follower-control spectrum.

Decision-making styles include delegative, facilitative, consultative, and autocratic, with positions on a spectrum ranging from high follower control to high leader control.

What represents a dispositional cause of unethical workplace behavior?

An external locus of control represents a dispositional cause of unethical workplace behavior.

Differentiate between deontology and consequentialism in ethics.

Deontology emphasizes moral duties and obligations, focusing on adherence to moral rules or duties, regardless of consequences. Consequentialism, on the other hand, focuses on the outcomes or consequences of actions, determining morality based on overall impact.

Explain the five moral foundations identified by Graham et al. (2011).

The five moral foundations are Care/Harm, Fairness/Cheating, Loyalty/Betrayal, Authority/Subversion, and Sanctity/Degradation.

What are some situational causes of unethical behavior, according to bounded ethicality?

Situational causes of unethical behavior include the potential for gain (incentives), extreme performance pressure, role conflict, strong organizational identification, and extremes of business competition.

List common themes in ethical issues within organizations.

Common themes in ethical issues include honest communication, fair treatment, special consideration, fair competition, responsibility to the organization, corporate social responsibility, and respect for the law.

What are the consequences of highly political climates in organizations?

Consequences include lower job satisfaction, lower organizational commitment, lower organizational citizenship, increased stress, increased turnover intentions, and lower performance, particularly for older workers.

Describe the facets of political skill and how to effectively network.

Facets of political skill include social astuteness, emotional intelligence, interpersonal influence, apparent sincerity, and networking ability. Effective networking involves maintaining contacts, socializing, engaging in professional and community activities, and increasing internal visibility.