Unit 2: Development, Sectors, and Migration (Lecture Notes)

Flashcards covering key concepts from Unit 2: Development, Sectors, Population, and Migration (Lecture Notes).

What is the Industrial Revolution?

A period of rapid industrialization beginning in Britain in the late 18th century, marked by mechanization, factory systems, steam power, urbanization, and major social and economic changes.

What does SPEED stand for when describing the impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

Social, Political, Economic, Environmental, and Demographic.

Name a labor-saving technology from the Industrial Revolution.

Steam engine (used to power factories, trains, ships).

How did the Industrial Revolution affect transportation?

Expansion of railroads, steamships, and canals leading to faster and cheaper movement of people and goods.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect demand for raw materials from the primary sector?

Increased demand for inputs like coal, iron ore, and cotton, fueling mining and agricultural production.

In what way did the Industrial Revolution influence female empowerment?

More women entered wage labor in factories, contributing to shifts in gender roles and fueling early women’s rights movements, though rights often remained limited.

What were environmental impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

Pollution, deforestation, urban crowding, and resource depletion.

What population and migration changes occurred with the Industrial Revolution?

Rapid urbanization and rural-to-urban migration due to factory jobs; population growth in cities.

What is GDP?

Gross Domestic Product: the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year.

What is GNI?

Gross National Income: total income earned by residents of a country, including abroad.

What is GNP?

Gross National Product: the total income earned by a country’s residents, including abroad (often used similarly to GNI).

What does per capita mean?

Per person; GDP/GNI per capita is the average income per person.

What is the Formal Economy?

Economic activities that are registered, taxed, and regulated by the government.

What is the Informal Economy?

Unregistered, untaxed economic activities outside formal sector statistics.

What defines a Low Income Country (LDC)?

A country with low income levels and limited industrial development.

What defines a Middle Income Country (MIC)?

A country with middle-range income levels, often subdivided into lower-middle and upper-middle.

What defines a More Developed Country (MDC)?

A highly developed country with a high standard of living and diversified economy.

What does a positive correlation mean?

As one variable increases, the other tends to increase.

What does a negative correlation mean?

As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease.

What is the Gini coefficient used to measure?

Income inequality within a country.

What is the Primary sector?

Sectors involved in extracting or harvesting natural resources (agriculture, mining, forestry, fishing).

What is the Secondary sector?

Manufacturing and processing industries.

What is the Tertiary sector?

The service sector (retail, transportation, communications, financial services, etc.).

What is the Quaternary sector?

Knowledge-based services (information processing, research and development, education, etc.).

What is the Quinary sector?

High-level decision making services (top executives, government, science policy, nonprofit leadership).

List the five stages of Rostow's Modernization Model.

Traditional Society; Preconditions for Takeoff; Takeoff; Drive to Maturity; High Mass Consumption.

What is Rostow's Modernization Model?

A five-stage theory explaining how economies develop from traditional to mass consumption.

What are the three types of countries in Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory?

Core, Semi-periphery, Periphery.

What is a core country?

A highly developed country with a diversified economy, high income, and strong institutions.

What is a periphery country?

A less-developed country often reliant on the primary sector with lower income.

What are semi-periphery countries?

Industrializing economies that exploit periphery but are not fully core.