Umich AES 242 Exam 3
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155 Terms
Electrical impulses are conducted between heart muscle cells by _________
intercalated discs.
3 multiple choice options
Sympatholysis refers to _________
local inhibition of sympathetic-induced vasoconstriction.
3 multiple choice options
During exercise, the time spent in diastole and systole _________
is decreased, with the greatest decrease occurring in diastole.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements about beta-adrenergic blocking medications are true?
all of these answers are correct
3 multiple choice options
In the transition from rest to exercise, what is the distribution of cardiac output to the heart?
the % of cardiac output is unchanged, but the volume of blood increases
3 multiple choice options
According to the Fick equation, if cardiac output doubles during exercise and the arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference remains constant, body oxygen consumption would _________
increase by 100%.
3 multiple choice options
Backflow of blood from the arteries into the heart ventricles is prevented by the _________
semilunar valves.
3 multiple choice options
In a healthy heart, the time spent in systole is generally _________blank diastole.
shorter than
3 multiple choice options
The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system is to _________
deliver adequate levels of oxygen and remove wastes from body tissues.
3 multiple choice options
The central command theory of cardiovascular control proposes that initial signal to the cardiovascular control center comes from _________
higher brain regions.
3 multiple choice options
The greatest resistance to blood flow is in the _________
arterioles.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following exercise responses is blunted by beta-blocker use?
decreased resting heart rate
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following factors contribute to "fine-tuning" of cardiovascular control during exercise?
All of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
The rise in ventricular pressure, while there is no change in the amount of volume in the heart chamber, is called _________
the isovolumetric contraction phase.
3 multiple choice options
The muscle of the heart is referred to as the _________
myocardium.
3 multiple choice options
The cardiovascular control center is located in the _________
medulla oblongata.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for increasing venous return during exercise?
an increase in stroke volume
3 multiple choice options
If a person with ischemic heart disease experiences chest pain when their double product exceeds 20,000, which of the following combinations will produce angina?
HR = 150, BP = 150/80
3 multiple choice options
The age-dependent decrease in maximal heart rate can be estimated via the Karvonen formula _________
HR max = 220 - age.
3 multiple choice options
Autoregulation of blood flow to contracting muscles during exercise is due to _________
locally produced factors such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and adenosine.
3 multiple choice options
Skeletal and cardiac muscle are similar in which of the following ways?
both muscles are composed of striated fibers containing actin and myosin
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following would not result in an increase in stroke volume during exercise?
an increase in afterload
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on blood flow to a skeletal muscle during exercise?
diameter of the arterial blood vessels leading to the muscle
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following factors can decrease blood pressure?
systemic vasodilation
3 multiple choice options
The increase in cardiac output that occurs during exercise is due to _________
both an increase in mean arterial pressure and a decrease in vascular resistance.
3 multiple choice options
All gas exchange between the vascular system and tissues occurs in _________
capillaries.
3 multiple choice options
The contraction phase of the heart is called _________
systole.
3 multiple choice options
Most of the increase in mean arterial blood pressure that occurs during dynamic (isotonic) incremental exercise is due to _________
the increase in systolic blood pressure.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements about heart rate variability (HRV) is NOT true?
HRV decreases in response to regular aerobic exercise training
3 multiple choice options
The relationship between oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and the arterial-venous oxygen difference is described mathematically by the _________
Fick equation.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following represents the correct order of events of the flow of blood after it leaves the left ventricle and before it returns to the right atrium?
Blood flows through the aorta, oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood flows through the venules, blood enters the veins
3 multiple choice options
The most important variable that determines resistance to blood flow is _________
the diameter of the blood vessel.
3 multiple choice options
A local increase in the nitric oxide concentration around arterioles results in _________
vasodilation.
3 multiple choice options
The arterial-venous oxygen difference _________
increases as a function of exercise intensity.
3 multiple choice options
Resting hypertension is generally defined as an observed systolic pressure that exceeds _________blank mm Hg, and/or a diastolic pressure that exceeds _________blank mm Hg.
130/80
3 multiple choice options
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the _________
sinoatrial node.
3 multiple choice options
The fact that an increase in end-diastolic ventricular volume increases the stroke volume of the heart is an illustration of the _________
Frank-Starling law of the heart.
3 multiple choice options
The pharmacologic drugs called beta-blockers lower cardiac contractility and heart rate by competing with _________blank for beta-1 receptors on heart muscle cells.
norepinephrine
3 multiple choice options
Withdrawal of parasympathetic influence on the heart results in _________
an increase in HR.
3 multiple choice options
Atrial repolarization occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle as observed on an ECG?
the qrs complex
3 multiple choice options
During heavy-intensity exercise, increases in cardiac output are associated with increases in _________
both systolic pressure generation and stroke volume.
3 multiple choice options
The metabolic demand of the heart can be estimated by _________
All of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following most accurately describes changes in autonomic control of heart rate during incremental exercise (from rest to VO2 max)?
PNS withdrawal is followed by SNS outflow
3 multiple choice options
The relationship between cardiac output and metabolic rate is _________
linear and positively correlated.
3 multiple choice options
In most subjects, stroke volume continues to increase during incremental exercise up to approximately _________
40% of VO2 max.
3 multiple choice options
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called the _________
pulse pressure.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is the correct order of events pertaining to contraction of the left ventricle?
The bundle branches depolarize, the ventricle contracts, the ventricular pressure increases, and blood exits the ventricle.
3 multiple choice options
In order to meet the increased oxygen demands of muscle during exercise, two major adjustments in blood flow must be made _________
an increase in cardiac output and a redistribution of blood flow from inactive tissues to skeletal muscles.
3 multiple choice options
The _________blank represents ventricular repolarization during a recording of the electrical activity (i.e., ECG) of the heart.
T wave
3 multiple choice options
Small increases (+2-3 mmHg) in arterial PCO2 have _________blank effect on increasing ventilation compared to small decreases (i.e., 2-3 mmHg) in PO2 .
a greater
3 multiple choice options
In a pulmonary function test, a FEV1 /FVC ratio of 0.30 is
indicative of significant airway obstruction.
3 multiple choice options
A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio of 1.0 would indicate
an excellent V/Q ratio for gas exchange.
3 multiple choice options
An increase in PCO2 in arterial blood results in the formation of bicarbonate in the red blood cell. Because bicarbonate carries a negative charge (anion), the removal of a negatively charged molecule from the red blood cell is required to prevent an electrochemical imbalance across the cell membrane. This problem is avoided by
movement of chloride molecules into the red blood cell.
3 multiple choice options
Diffusion is defined as
random movement of molecules from area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
3 multiple choice options
According to Fick's law of diffusion, the rate of diffusion of a gas across a tissue is directly proportional to the
All of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
The term ventilation refers to the
mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
3 multiple choice options
Contraction of the rectus abdominis muscles would result in
active expiration.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements are true about the changes in ventilatory patterns (i.e., tidal volumes and breathing frequency) during exercise?
All of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is NOT an important function of the pulmonary system?
to cool the airways
3 multiple choice options
Most of the O2 contained in the blood
is bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin.
3 multiple choice options
During very heavy exercise at sea level, young, healthy untrained subjects generally maintain arterial PO2 within
10-12 mm Hg of resting values.
3 multiple choice options
The central chemoreceptors that influence the control of breathing respond to changes in the
PCO2 and H+ of cerebral spinal fluid.
3 multiple choice options
Moderate or severe COVID-19 can promote both lung injury and impaired gas exchange in patients. This impaired gas exchange likely occurs due to
Both "a collection of fluid inside and outside the alveolus" and "the formation of scar tissue" are correct.
3 multiple choice options
At a low PO2 , myoglobin has _________blank affinity for O2 than hemoglobin.
a higher
3 multiple choice options
The most important muscle of inspiration is/are the
diaphragm.
3 multiple choice options
In a healthy individual at rest (sea level conditions), which of following characteristics of arterial blood are correct?
All of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP) can occur during many sports including running, swimming, cycling, etc. Although several possible explanations for ETAP have been proposed, researchers have concluded that for exercise that involves the torso (e.g., running), the best explanation for ETAP is
irritation of the parietal peritoneum.
3 multiple choice options
The volume of gas inspired during a breath is defined as
tidal volume.
3 multiple choice options
The first and primary drive to increase ventilation at the onset of exercise is due to
signals from higher brain centers.
3 multiple choice options
The gas that reaches the gas-exchange zone of the lung is termed
alveolar ventilation.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements about sex differences in breathing are correct?
Both "When matched for age and body weight, women have smaller airways compared to men" and "The energy requirement for breathing during exercise is higher for women compared to men" are correct.
3 multiple choice options
Studies reveal that ventilation drifts upward during constant-load submaximal exercise performed in a hot and humid environment. This is likely due to
a significant increase in body temperature.
3 multiple choice options
The exercise-induced hypoxemia that occurs in elite endurance athletes during heavy exercise is likely due to
a diffusion limitation resulting from high cardiac output resulting in a rapid red blood cell transit time through pulmonary capillaries.
3 multiple choice options
In the standing position, blood flow to the base of the lung is _________blank blood flow to the apex.
greater than.
3 multiple choice options
Carbon dioxide is transported in arterial blood principally as
bicarbonate.
3 multiple choice options
Exercise-induced asthma can impair pulmonary gas exchange by
increasing airway resistance and reducing ventilation to the lung.
3 multiple choice options
The respiratory control center is located within the
medulla oblongata.
3 multiple choice options
A voluntary increase in alveolar ventilation (at rest) resulting in hyperventilation will reduce arterial _________ and increase arterial _________.
Both " PCO2,pH " and " PCO2,PO2 " are correct.
3 multiple choice options
In healthy and untrained subjects, the curvilinear rise in minute ventilation observed during incremental exercise (i.e., ventilatory threshold) could be due to
a decrease in arterial pH.
3 multiple choice options
Gas exchange in the lungs occurs
both in the respiratory zone and across 300 million alveoli.
3 multiple choice options
Under normal conditions at sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar region of the lung is aprroximately
100 mmHg.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements about pulmonary physiology is correct?
All of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
During a graded exercise test, the increase in ventilation during the transition from rest to moderate exercise is achieved by
an increase in both breathing frequency and tidal volume.
3 multiple choice options
Compared to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, the myoglobin dissociation curve _________.
Both "is much steeper at PO2's below 20 mmHg" and "reaches a plateau at a much lower PO2" are correct.
3 multiple choice options
A decline in arterial PO2 to 70 mm Hg or below would likely result in
an increase in alveolar ventilation.
3 multiple choice options
The carotid bodies are chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in arterial _________
pH, PCO2 , and PO2
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements about myoglobin are true?
All of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
A significant increase in blood temperature (i.e. from 37°C to 39°C) would result in _________ in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
a right shift.
3 multiple choice options
The right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve due to a rise in hydrogen ion concentration is called
the Bohr effect.
3 multiple choice options
Repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise (e.g., interval training) can reduce arterial pH to levels as low as _________
6.8-7.0
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following conditions and/or diseases can result in metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?
All of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following events occurs during exercise at work rates above 60-80% VO2 max?
All of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
Muscle pH is generally _________
0.4-0.6 pH units lower than arterial pH.
3 multiple choice options
Studies reveal that exercise training improves muscle buffering capacity. Which of the following exercise-induced changes is NOT responsible for training-induced improvements in muscle buffering capacity?
increased muscle levels of citrate synthase
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following events are not primary sources of hydrogen ions during rigorous exercise?
Production of 3-phosphoglucose during glycolysis
3 multiple choice options
Acidosis can occur due to _________
None of these answers are correct.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the extracellular buffers contributes the most to the cell's buffering capacity?
bicarbonate
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle buffer systems is correct?
Both Two monocarboxylate transporters exist in human skeletal muscle fibers and High-intensity exercise training has been reported to improve muscle buffer capacity by increasing both carnosine and hydrogen ion transporters in skeletal muscle are correct
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is not a second line defense that is helpful in buffering against pH shifts during exercise?
Carnosine
3 multiple choice options
According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of a weak acid solution is determined by _________
ratio of the concentration of the base in solution to the concentration of the acid.
3 multiple choice options