ch27 flash cards

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance as discussed in the lecture notes.

Fluid balance

Daily balance between the amount of water gained and the amount of water lost to the environment.

Electrolyte balance

When gains and losses for every electrolyte are in balance.

Acid-base balance

Precise balancing of hydrogen ions (H+) production and loss.

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside cells; essential for cytosol composition.

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Fluid inside cells; reliant on water for cellular operations.

Osmosis

Movement of water across selectively permeable membranes.

Adh (Antidiuretic hormone)

Hormone stimulating water conservation at kidneys.

Aldosterone

Hormone regulating sodium and potassium balance in kidneys.

Natriuretic peptides

Hormones reducing thirst and promoting diuresis in response to heart wall stretching.

Edema

Swelling caused by abnormal movement of water from plasma into interstitial fluid.

Dehydration

Condition resulting from water losses exceeding gains.

Hyperhydration

Condition caused by excess water in the body, affecting cell function.

Hyponatremia

Abnormally low sodium concentration in the blood.

Hypernatremia

Abnormally high sodium concentration in the blood.

Fixed acids

Acids that do not leave solution and remain until eliminated by kidneys.

Volatile acids

Acids that can leave the body through the lungs.

Buffers

Dissolved compounds that stabilize pH by adding or removing H+.

Hemoglobin buffer system

Buffer system that helps stabilize pH during CO2 fluctuations.

Acidosis

Physiological state resulting from abnormally low blood pH.

Alkalosis

Physiological state resulting from abnormally high blood pH.

Phosphate buffer system

Buffer system important in buffering the pH of intracellular fluid and urine.

Protein buffer systems

Buffer systems that rely on amino acids to respond to pH changes.

Sodium concentration role

Plays a crucial role in determining ECF osmotic concentration.

Potassium role in ICF

Primary cation in intracellular fluid with crucial physiological roles.

Calcium's physiological functions

Involved in muscular, neural activities, and blood clotting.

Chloride balance

Chloride ions are the most abundant anions in extracellular fluid.

Magnesium's role

Required as a cofactor for enzymatic reactions and muscle function.

Phosphate in bone mineralization

Phosphate ions are essential for bone mineralization.

Bicarbonate ion

Main component of carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system,

Respiratory compensation

Changes in the respiratory rate to stabilize blood pH.

Renal compensation

Kidneys regulate H+ and HCO3− to adjust body pH.

Hydrogen ions gain sources

Gained through the digestive tract and cellular metabolism.

Hydrogen ions elimination sources

Eliminated through kidneys and lungs.

Ion secretion in renal function

Kidneys secrete H+ to maintain acid-base balance.

Osmotic concentration of ECF and ICF

Identical under normal circumstances.

Fluid compartments

Separate regions where fluid is contained in the body.

Lymphatic drainage

System involved in fluid exchange from interstitial spaces back to venous circulation.

Concentration of electrolytes

Directly affects cell function and water balance.

Electrolyte imbalances

Can significantly impact bodily functions and health.

Dissociation of acids in solution

Strong acids dissociate completely, affecting pH.

Weak acids in buffer systems

Do not dissociate fully and help minimize pH changes.

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Regulates sodium balance and fluid homeostasis.

Hydration status

Balance between water gains and losses affecting body functions.

Body water content for adults

Approximately 60% for adult males, and 50% for adult females.

Fluid gain sources

Includes drinking, eating, and metabolic generation.

Fluid loss sources

Includes urine, feces, and perspiration.

pH range for body fluids

Narrowly limited to typically 7.35–7.45.

Physiological effects of acidosis

Affects nervous and cardiovascular systems; more common.

Physiological effects of alkalosis

Can impact bodily systems similar to acidosis.

Buffer limitation

Buffers provide only a temporary solution to acid-base imbalances.

Bicarbonate reserve

Large reserve of sodium bicarbonate in body fluids.

Effects of respiratory rate on pH

Increases/decreases in respiration affect blood pH.

Kidney's role in acid-base balance

Assist in eliminating CO2 and balancing H+ ions.

Co-factor for enzymatic reactions in magnesium

Required for phosphorylation of glucose and ATP usage.

Impact of metabolic acids on pH

Significant accumulations do not typically occur.

Atrial natriuretic peptide role

Reduces thirst and block release of hormones regulating sodium.

Excessive perspiration

Can lead to severe water loss and dehydration.

Chronic renal failure's impact on water balance

Inability to eliminate excess water can lead to hyperhydration.

Fluid shifts due to osmotic gradients

Water moves based on differences in osmotic concentration.

Renin's role in blood pressure regulation

Activated in response to inadequate ECF volume affecting blood pressure.

Significance of solute content in ECF

Varies regionally and impacts overall fluid balance.

Hydration status monitoring

Regulated by hormonal responses and physiological changes.

ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) analysis purpose

Determines pH, CO2, and electrolyte levels for acid-base assessment.

Volume disturbances in ECF

Impact concentration of electrolytes and overall fluid balance.

Effects of diabetes insipidus

Can impact fluid balance by increasing water loss.

Changes in Na+ concentration relation to blood volume

Inversely correlated with ECF volume.

Impact of metabolic waste on pH balance

Influences acid-base stability; requires buffering.

Endocrine disorders affecting fluid balance

Such as excessive ADH production leading to fluid retention.

Primary site for water regulation

Mainly involves kidneys and their functioning.

Fluid movement in ECF and ICF

Focused on equilibrium and maintaining homeostasis.

Role of osmoreceptors in fluid balance

Monitor osmotic concentration changes for ADH regulation.

Effect of dietary intake on fluid and electrolyte balance

Excess intake leads to increased levels and potential imbalances.

Storage of excess body fluids

ICF acts as a reservoir for water, preventing large osmotic changes.

Mechanisms of maintaining acid-base balance

Involves respiratory and renal adjustments.

Stabilization of pH in body fluids

Controlled by buffers mainly based on weak acids and bases.