MicroBio Lab - Quiz 1 Study Guide

PBSC - Dr. John Destefano - Fall 2026

biosafety level 1 (BSL-1)

does not cause illness or disease in healthy individuals; minimal threat; some examples include escherichia coli

biosafety level 2 (BSL-2)

moderate health hazard; generally NOT transmitted by splash or aerosol; ingested, inhaled, or skin contact; some examples include salmonella & staphylococcus aureus

biosafety level 3 (BSL-3)

serious lethal THREAT; treatment (vaccines) may or may not be available; respiratory transmission possible (can be spread through the air); some examples include yersinia pestis (plague), bacillus anthracis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, rabies virus, west nile virus.

biosafety level 4 (BSL-4)

highest lethal THREAT; restricted access; clothes changed entering and leaving + shower on exit; some examples include ebola virus, lassa virus.

biosafety level 1 threat (BSL-1 threat)

escherichia coli is an example of a

biosafety level 2 threat (BSL-2 threat)

salmonella is an example of a

biosafety level 2 threat (BSL-2 threat)

staphylococcus aureus is an example of a

biosafety level 3 threat (BSL-3 threat)

yersinia pestis (plague), bacillus anthracis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, rabies virus, and the west nile virus are all examples of a

biosafety level 4 threat (BSL-4 threat)

ebola & lassa virus are examples of

total magnification of ocular lens is always

10x magnification

• 4x/40x

• 10x/100x

• 40x/400x

• 100x/1000x

total magnification sizes of objectives lens

coarse adjustment knobs should only be used on the

4x objective lens

what happens when you increase the magnification to the field of view on a microscope?

decreases the field of view

ocular lens x objective lens

what is total magnification?

collects and directs light, under stage

the condenser

controls the amount of light

the diaphragm

what should you do after increasing the magnification on a microscope?

apply more light using the condenser and/or diaphragm

four lenses on rotating nose piece

objective lens

lenses that are adjustable laterally

ocular lens

horizontal platform that supports the slide; contains slide holder and adjusting knobs

stage

knob used for coarse focus

large focusing knob

knob for fine focus

small focusing knob

oil immersion lens

you must progress to the objective lens with the highest magnification to clearly see individual bacterial cells which is the

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

three domains based on cellular organization of living organisms

which of the three domains are prokaryotes

bacteria & archaea

human, plants, and animals all fall under which domain?

eukarya

which prokaryotes exist in very extreme environments?

archaea

eukarya

these cells contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the golgi apparatus. These cells may be either unicellular or multicellular.

eukarya

helminths, fungi, protozoa, algae, and multicellular animal parasites all fall under which domain?

which does not fall under any of the three domains?

viruses

flatworms that lay eggs and cause parasitic infections

trematodes

some examples of parasitic helminths are

trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes

clonorchiasis (opisthorchis) sinensis

a parasitic infection caused by flatworms(trematodes) as a result of eating raw, uncooked fish; aka chinese liver fluke; and causes liver disease

paragonimus westermani

a parasitic infection caused by flatworms(trematodes) as a result of eating raw, uncooked crabs and crayfish; aka lung fluke; and causes lung disease

a parasitic infection caused by the roundest flatworms(trematodes) as a result of drinking fecally contaminated water and enters through the skin; aka blood fluke

schistosoma mansoni

eggs & larvae

all parasitic helminths(worms) contain

oncospheres

eggs + larvae =

hymenolepis nana

the most common human tapeworm infection worldwide popular in areas high in population and poor sanitation; hundreds of dwarf tapeworms can be present; spreads directly from person to person via the fecal-oral route (ingested); affects the intestines; aka vampirolepis

a parasitic infection that occurs by ingesting uncooked beef with the eggs or cysticerci(larvae) in it; grows in the intestines with the help of bile salts; aka beef tapeworm(cestodes)

taenia saginata

is the pear-shaped head of the parasite that features four prominent muscular suckers but lacks a rostellum and hooks

taenia saginata scolex

a parasitic infection caused by ingesting raw or uncooked pork containing larvae; aka pork tapeworm(cestodes); cysticerci(larvae) of these can infect any tissues including eyes, brain, heart, liver, lungs and skeletal muscle

taenia solium

pork tapeworm(cestodes) head that uses four muscular suckers and a double crown of hooks to anchor itself to the lining of the human small intestine

taenia solium scolex

taenia spp

world-wide, lasts up to 25 years and can grow several meters; two species of interest; eggs of both species look the same so don’t help with diagnosis as to which species is present but does confirm presence of either species when found in the feces; genus of parasitic tapeworms(cestodes); multiple species

roundworms

over 60 species that are human parasites; have a digestive tract, body cavity, and reproductive organs in separate sexes(male & female); the most numerous multicellular organism on the planet

dipylidium caninum

a parasitic intestinal tapeworm(cestodes) commonly found in dogs, cats, and children; caused by ingesting an adult flea infected with the tapeworm larva; adult worms infect animals, grow inside, and release segments (proglottids) which contain egg packets, into the feces.

echinococcus granulosus

causes hydatid disease in humans who raise sheep & dogs; hydatid cysts (lots of fluid) form in the lungs liver and other organs; protoscolices(juvenile worms) form inside cysts; adult worms reproduce in carnivores and pass eggs in their feces (but not humans)

ascaris lumbricoides

eggs ingested directly from infected soil; large (up to 50cm); juvenile worms emerge from intestinal walls and infect lungs and other tissues; generally asymptomatic but can develop into ascaris pneumonia; aka nematodes

enterobius vermicularis

human pinworm; nematodes; eggs inhaled; poor hygiene and sanitary practices lead to spread (fecal – oral) common worldwide in places such as orphanages & mental hospitals; eggs hatch and mature in the colon (duodenum); adult females emerge from the anus at night and get into bedding, clothing, fingers; up to 16,000 eggs can be found perianally.

ancylostoma duodenale (necator americanus)

juveniles penetrate the skin then – enter the blood – then the lungs – then is swallowed into the intestines and attach in the small intestines and mature; adults feed on blood and tissue of the host; diagnosis: egg in the feces; hookworms(nematodes)

strongyloides stercoralis

intestinal threadworm(nematodes); caused by skin contact from fecal contaminated soil; develop into pathogenic females; dozens of eggs – larvae – reinfect; diagnosis: finding a rhabditiform larva in feces

wuchereria bancrofti

lymphatic filariasis; caused by an infected mosquito; migrates to large lymphatic vessels of

lower extremities; elephantiasis; nematodes

protozoa (protista)

single-celled eukaryotes that live in water, soil, or as parasites inside other living hosts; contain 6 phyla

trophozoite

the active, feeding, and disease-causing stage of a protozoan

cyst

is the dormant, protected, and infectious stage of a protozoan

sarcomastigophora

is a large phylum of single-celled or colonial protozoans that move using flagella (mastigophora), pseudopodia(sarcodina), or both

is a subphylum of protozoans that use flagella to move

mastigophora

giardia lamblia, trichomonus vaginalia, trypanosoma brucei

single-celled eukaryotic parasites belonging to the group of flagellates

sarcodina

group of single-celled, amoeboid protozoans that move and capture food using temporary cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia ("false feet")

entamoeba coli

a harmless single-celled amoeba that commonly lives in the human large intestine; non-pathogenic; trophozoites will have NO red blood cells; cysts will have up to 16 nuclei; must be differentiated from histolytica morphologically

entamoeba histolytica

is a parasitic amoebozoan that causes an infection called amebiasis (dysentery: blood and mucus in feces); caused by ingesting contaminated water or food (fecal – oral) high in areas of poor sanitation; feed on red blood cells and bacteria; diagnosis: trophozoites or cysts in stool; cysts have 4 nuclei, and can survive stomach acid

amoebas (sarcodina), flagellates (mastigophora), ciliates (ciliophora), sporozoans (apicomplexa)

four major groups of protozoa

giardia lamblia

giardiasis in the duodenum; heart shaped trophozoite (active stage); multinucleate cyst (dormant); ingested through fecally contaminated food or water; diagnosis: trophozoite or cysts in stool; protozoan; flagellates

trichomonus vaginalia (spp)

usually in females (genitourinary system), vulva, vagina, cervix; trichomonal vulvovaginitis: sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan parasite; flagellates

t. brucei brucei, t. brucei gambiense, and t. brucei rhodesiense are all subspecies to

trypanosoma brucei

trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

african trypanosomiasis acute; african sleeping sickness; death within a year; restricted to rural areas in eastern africa; transmitted by the tsetse fly; diagnosis: trypomastigote(flagellates) in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), and a chancre at the bite site; ELISA also used

trypanosoma brucei gambiense

african trypanosomiasis mild; west african sleeping sickness, chronic, lasts for years; most common in the west africa region; transmitted by the tsetse fly; flagellates

trypanosoma brucei brucei

nonpathogenic; infects livestock and other non-human mammals, causing a disease called nagana; flagellates

balantidium coli

balantidiasis; trophozoites: highly motile with cilia; caused by contaminated water (pigs); similar to e. histolytica but less severe; diagnosis: trophozoites or cysts in stool; ciliates; ciliophora

plasmodium (spp)

apicomplexans; sporozoans; causes malaria: complex life cycle(fever); affects liver and red blood cells; transmission: female anopheles mosquito; anemia of spleen and liver; diagnosis: clinical & identification of parasite in blood smears

plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae

types of malaria parasites (sporozoans)

the most dangerous and deadly type of malaria

plasmodium falciparum

toxoplasma gondii

apicomplexans; cats important part of the life cycle; toxoplasmosis; caused by consuming raw meat and raw food; bow shaped cells; sporozoans

use flagella to move

flagellates

use pseudopods to move; sarcodina

amoeba

use cilia to move

ciliates

move by gliding

sporozoans

all of the following are eukaryotes except

bacteria

all of the following are eukaryotes except

viruses

how is clonorchis (opisthorchis) sinensis aka the chinese liver fluke transmitted?

ingested by eating uncooked fish

how is paragonimus westermani aka lung fluke transmitted?

ingested by eating undercooked crabs or crayfish

which adult cestode parasite has a body divided into segments called proglottids?

tapeworms

how is schistosoma mansoni aka blood fluke transmitted?

enters through the skin from fecally contaminated water

how is dipylidium caninum transmitted?

ingesting fleas with egg packets

how is echinococcus granulosus transmitted?

direct contact with infected sheep or dogs

how is hymenolepis (vampirolepis) nana transmitted?

eggs are ingested directly from poor sanitation

how is taenia saginata aka the ___ tapeworm transmitted?

ingesting uncooked beef containing eggs or larvae

how is taenia solium aka the ___ tapeworm transmitted?

ingesting uncooked pork containing eggs or larvae

how is ascaris lumbricoides transmitted?

eggs are ingested directly from infected soil

how is enterobius vermicularis aka the human pinworm transmitted?

eggs are inhaled directly from poor sanitation

how is ancylostoma duodenale aka hookworms transmitted?

enters through the skin directly from infected soil

how is strongyloides stercoralis aka the threadworm transmitted?

enters through the skin directly from infected soil

how is wuchereria bancrofti transmitted?

direct contact with an infected mosquito

how is giardia lamblia transmitted?

ingesting fecally contaminated food or water

how is trichomonus vaginalia aka trichomoniasis vulvovaginitis trasmitted?

sexually transmitted

how is trypanosoma brucei transmitted?

direct contact with the tsetse fly

how is entamoeba histolytica transmitted?

ingesting fecally contaminated food or water

how is entamoeba coli transmitted?

ingesting fecally contaminated food or water

how is balantidium coli transmitted?

ingested by drinking contaminated water; pigs

how is plasmodium(spp) transmitted?

direct contact with an infected mosquito

how is toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

ingested directly by eating uncooked meat