S1 Q2 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Alkenes

are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.

Alkynes

contain one or more triple bonds between neighboring carbon atoms

Aromatic Compound

A hydrocarbon that contains an aromatic ring, which is a six-carbon ring with alternative double bonds or a ring with a circle in the middle representing the double bonds. (benzene ring).

Cycloalkanes

Cyclic compounds with only single bonds, e.g., cyclopentane (5 C ring), cyclohexane (6 C ring)

Alkyl halides (haloalkanes)

Hydrocarbon chain with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), e.g., alkyl chloride.

ALCOHOLS

THIS functional group contains an oxygen atom that is bonded to one hydrogen atom and one carbon atom with the formula R−OHR−OH. R represents any

organic chain.

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Classification of alcohols (3)

Primary alcohol

The carbon is bonded directly to the oxygen atom and is also bonded to exactly one carbon atom, with the other bonds generally going to hydrogen atoms.

Secondary alcohol

The carbon is attached to two other carbon atoms

Tertiary alcohol

The carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms.

ethanol

alcohol present in alcoholic beverages

methanol

used as a gasoline additive or alternative

isopropanol

commonly known as rubbing alcohol

ethers

consists of an oxygen atom that forms single bonds with two carbon atoms

ethers

have low reactivity and so they are considered as good solvents for other organic compounds

ethers

they dissolve nonpolar molecules

diethyl ether

best known ether; widely used as a solvent and inhalable anesthetic

amine

consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrocarbons

amines

are organic compounds that contain nitrogen atoms with a lone pair.

amines

They are derived from ammonia (NH3) in which one or more hydrogen atom is replaced

by an alkyl or aryl group, and so they are known as alkylamines and arylamines

respectively.

amines

used as components in some lubricating materials, in developers, and in

waterproofing textiles.

Aldehyde

has a carbonyl in which the carbdehydeson atom is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. The other group attached to the carbonyl may be an R-group or a hydrogen atom.

Ketone

involves a carbonyl in which the carbon atom makes single bonds with two R-groups.

Ketones

are also used in the production of various polymers, either as a building block or as a solvent

Acetone

is the simplest ketone in which the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two CH3 groups. It is used to remove fingernail polish and serves as an industrial solvent.

Methyl ethyl ketone

used as a paint stripper and a solvent

carboxylic acids

are another carbonyl-containing functional group, in which the carbon atom is bonded to an OH group on one side and either a carbon or hydrogen atom on the other.

Formic acid

acts as a protective chemical for many stinging insects and plants

Acetic acid

gives vinegar its characteristic smell and flavor and is a fundamental biological and industrial building block

Citric acid (three carboxyl groups)

abundant in citrus fruits and is used as a flavoring and preservative in many foods and beverages

Amide

is a carbonyl in which the carbon is attached to one nitrogen atom and one carbon or hydrogen atom.

amide

can be formed by combining a carboxylic acid and an amine.

amides

are used as coloring agents in crayons, pencils, and ink.

amides

they are used in paper, plastic, and rubber industries

Haloalkanes

also known as alkyl halides, are a group of chemical compounds comprised of an alkane with one or more hydrogens replaced by a halogen atom (Group 17 atom)

Haloalkanes

are used in fire extinguishers, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and medications

Isomers

organic compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formula

Different bond pattern

Different arrangement of bonds

Different connectivity of atoms

Structural isomer

also known as a constitutional isomer, is one in which two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formulas but different structures

Structural isomerism

shows the arrangement of atoms in a completely different order

Chain

Position

Functional group

Types of structural isomerism

Chain isomerism

these isomers arise because of the possibility of branching in carbon chains. For example, there are two isomers of butane, C4H10

Position isomerism

the basic carbon skeleton remains unchanged, but important groups are moved around on that skeleton.

Functional group isomerism

in this variety of structural isomerism, the isomers contain different functional groups. That is, they belong to different families of compounds (different homologous series)

Tautomerism

is a special type of structural isomerism where the isomers stays in dynamic

equilibrium with each other by simple proton transfer in an intramolecular fashion.

Metamerism

is a type of structural isomerism where the isomers have same molecular

formula but differ due to the different number of carbon atoms or alkyl groups on either side

of functional group.

Ring chain isomerism

Compounds having same molecular formula but one has an open

chain while the others have cyclic structures are called ring-chain isomers and the

phenomenon is known as ring-chain isomerism.