Introduction to Social Sciences

What defines the individual being dimension of a person?

Unique thoughts, emotions, choices, and identity.

How is the individual being dimension learned?

Through self-reflection, learning, and challenges

What is the importance of the individual being dimension?

It allows personal growth and self awareness.

What shapes the social being dimension of a person?

Interactions, culture, society, and relationships.

What enables social integration in the social being dimension?

Interactions with family, school, and social groups

What is the definition of individual action?

Actions for personal and immediate purposes

How can individual actions be carried out?

Intentionally or subconsciously

What is the definition of social action?

Actions directed to affect other’s reactions

What is socialization and its purpose?

1. Process of learning and internalizing norms

2. Internalizes beliefs, norms, and values

3. Influenced by experiences and social agents

What is primary socialization?

Socialization within the family

What skills are developed during primary socialization?

First intellectual and social skills

What is secondary socialization?

Socialization beyond the family unit, it’s influenced by school or workplace

What is tertiary socialization?

Resocialization for individuals deviating from norms, it typically occurs in rehabilitation settings, like prisons

What are socialization agents?

1. External agents influencing social development

2. Family: first and most influential

3. School: transmits knowledge and values

4. Media: shapes perceptions and opinions

5. Institutions: influence behavior and decisions

What are the mechanisms of socialization?

1. Learning: acquisition of habits and behaviors

2. Internalization: acceptance of social norms

What is the definition of science?

Field studying human perception and interaction

What do humanities study?

Philosophical knowledge and human experience

What are formal sciences?

Sciences working with symbols in the mind.

Method: deductive reasoning

What are fatic sciences?

Sciences studying social and natural phenomena

Method: scientific method and experimentation

What is the definition of social sciences?

Study of humans as individuals or society members

Method: scientific method and qualitative approaches

What are the differences between formal, fatic, and social sciences?

1. Formal Sciences: abstract symbols, deductive method

2. Fatic Sciences: real-world phenomena, experimental method

3. Social Sciences: human behavior, qualitative methods

What is intuitive knowledge?

understanding without deep thought or evidence

What is empiric knowledge?

Knowledge acquired from direct experience

What does religious knowledge encompass?

Beliefs, doctrines, and sacred texts

What are the characteristics of intuitive knowledge?

1. Immediate insight: instant understanding

2. Unconscious process: decisions made without thought

3. Autonomy: relies on personal feelings

4. Approximate nature: based on simple rules

5. Deep apprehension: stored deeply in memory

6. No need for evidence: accepted without proof

7. Subjective experience: varies by individual

What is philosophical knowledge focused on?

Understanding, existence, ethics, and reality

What is scientific knowledge?

Systematic, evidence-based understanding of nature

What are the characteristics of scientific knowledge?

1. Conceptual: focuses on ideas and principles

2. Empirical: based on observation and experimentation

3. Reflective: questions assumptions and viewpoints

4. Methodical: uses structured reasoning

5. Objective: free from personal bias

6. Systematic: follows scientific method

7. Testable and Falsifiable: can be disproven

8. Reproducible: results can be replicated

9. Progressive: evolves with new discoveries

What is the scientific method?

A systematic way to discover how things work

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. Observation: identify a research topic

2. Question: formulate a clear, testable question

3. Hypothesis: create an educated guess

4. Experiment: design an experiment to test the hypothesis

5. Analysis: analyze the data using statistics

6. Conclusion: publish findings for peer review

What should be identified in the question step of the scientific method?

independent and dependent variables