rate of reaction

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30 Terms

1
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ror measured

how fast a product is made

how fast a reactant is used up

<p>how fast a product is made</p><p>how fast a reactant is used up</p>
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3 solutions

mass loss, gas collection and precipitation

<p>mass loss, gas collection and precipitation</p>
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mass loss

measuring the mass loss in the reactants over time

<p>measuring the mass loss in the reactants over time</p>
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gas collection

measuring the amount of gas formed over time

<p>measuring the amount of gas formed over time </p>
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precipitation

measure the formation of a precipitate over time

<p>measure the formation of a precipitate over time</p>
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2 equations for calculating the rate

rate=amount of reactant used/time taken

or

rate=amount of product made/time taken

<p>rate=amount of reactant used/time taken</p><p>or</p><p>rate=amount of product made/time taken</p>
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measurement for rate

either g/s or cm3 /s or dm3 /s or mol/s

<p>either g/s or cm<sup>3 </sup>/s or dm<sup>3 </sup>/s or mol/s</p>
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mass loss method

the mass is measure every few seconds and the change in mass over time is recorded as the gas escapes

the reaction is typically performed in a conical flask placed on top of a balance to measure the loss in mass

however one limitation is that the gas must be sufficiently dense or the change in mass is too small to measure

<p>the mass is measure every few seconds and the change in mass over time is recorded as the gas escapes</p><p>the reaction is typically performed in a conical flask placed on top of a balance to measure the loss in mass</p><p>however one limitation is that the gas must be sufficiently dense or the change in mass is too small to measure</p>
9
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gas collection method

the volume of gas produced ovee time is recorded

one gas collection setup involves collecting a gas through water using an inverted measuring cylinder

although, the gas can be captured in a gas syringe which measures its volume

<p>the volume of gas produced ovee time is recorded</p><p>one gas collection setup involves collecting a gas through water using an inverted measuring cylinder </p><p>although, the gas can be captured in a gas syringe which measures its volume</p>
10
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precipitation method

participation reaction forms a solid precipitate when 2 clear solutions are mixed together

the precipitate clouds the reaction mix so if the flask is placed over a piece of paper with a cross on it, the time it takes for the cross to disappear from view is measured

this method can be subjective

<p>participation reaction forms a solid precipitate when 2 clear solutions are mixed together </p><p>the precipitate clouds the reaction mix so if the flask is placed over a piece of paper with a cross on it, the time it takes for the cross to disappear from view is measured</p><p>this method can be subjective</p>
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equation moles per unit time

mole per unit time= mass per unit time/molar mass of the substance

<p>mole per unit time= mass per unit time/molar mass of the substance</p>
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initial rate graph for product

an initial rate graph for the formation of a product shows a straight line with a positive correlation starting from the origin

<p>an initial rate graph for the formation of a product shows a straight line with a positive correlation starting from the origin</p>
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initial rate graph for reactant

an initial rate graph for a reactant shows a straight line with a negative correlation starting from the y axis

<p>an initial rate graph for a reactant shows a straight line with a negative correlation starting from the y axis</p>
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calculation for the mean rate of reaction

taking the difference between 2 points on the curve

<p>taking the difference between 2 points on the curve</p>
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factors affect the ror

the concentration of the reactants in solution or the pressure of reacting gases

the temp of the reaction

surface area of solid reactants

the presence of a catalyst

<p>the concentration of the reactants in solution or the pressure of reacting gases</p><p>the temp of the reaction</p><p>surface area of solid reactants</p><p>the presence of a catalyst</p>
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RP objective

to investigate the effect of changing conc on the rate of reaction by measuring the formation of the precipitate

<p>to investigate the effect of changing conc on the rate of reaction by measuring the formation of the precipitate</p>
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RP hypothesis

a precipitate will be formed quicker of the reactants is greater

<p>a precipitate will be formed quicker of the reactants is greater</p>
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RP method

  1. measure 50cm3 of NA2S2O3 solution into a flask

  2. measure 5cm2 of dilute HCL into a measuring cylinder

  3. draw a dark cross on a piece of paper and put it underneath the flask

  4. add the acid into the flask and immediately start stop watch

  5. solid sulfur is formed which precipitates in solution, turning cloudy

  6. look down at cross and stop the timing when the cross can no longer be seen

  7. repeat using different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate solution

<ol><li><p>measure 50cm3 of NA<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> solution into a flask</p></li><li><p>measure 5cm<sup>2</sup> of dilute HCL into a measuring cylinder</p></li><li><p>draw a dark cross on a piece of paper and put it underneath the flask</p></li><li><p>add the acid into the flask and immediately start stop watch</p></li><li><p>solid sulfur is formed which precipitates in solution, turning cloudy</p></li><li><p>look down at cross and stop the timing when the cross can no longer be seen</p></li><li><p>repeat using different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate solution</p></li></ol><p></p>
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what is the collision theory

states that chemical reactions occur only when the reactant particles collide with sufficient energy to react

<p>states that chemical reactions occur only when the reactant particles collide with sufficient energy to react</p>
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activation energy

the minimum amount of energy needed in a reaction

<p>the minimum amount of energy needed in a reaction</p>
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a successful collision

means that the reactant particles colliding have sufficient energy

the reactant particles rearrange to form the products

<p>means that the reactant particles colliding have sufficient energy </p><p>the reactant particles rearrange to form the products</p>
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unsuccessful collision

the reactant particles have insufficient energy

the reactant particles just bounce off each other and remain unchanged

<p>the reactant particles have insufficient energy</p><p>the reactant particles just bounce off each other and remain unchanged</p>
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rate of reaction affects dependent on the no. successful collisions

the number of particles per unit volume

the frequency of collisions

kinetic energy of the particles

the activation energy

<p>the number of particles per unit volume</p><p>the frequency of collisions</p><p>kinetic energy of the particles</p><p>the activation energy</p>
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increasing concentration

a higher conc in particles means that there are more particles present in the same volume so the number of collisions between particles increases causing an increased rate of reaction

<p>a higher conc in particles means that there are more particles present in the same volume so the number of collisions between particles increases causing an increased rate of reaction</p>
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the effect of increasing pressure

the higher pressure means that there are the same amount of particles present in a smaller volume so the number of collisions and successful collisions between particles increases causing an increased rate of reaction

<p>the higher pressure means that there are the same amount of particles present in a smaller volume so the number of collisions and successful collisions between particles increases causing an increased rate of reaction</p>
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the effect of increasing the temp

an increase in temp causes an increase in kinetic energy of the particles - the number of successful collisions increases.

<p>an increase in temp causes an increase in kinetic energy of the particles - the number of successful collisions increases. </p>
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the effect the surface area effects the rate

an increase in surface area means more collisions per second

<p>an increase in surface area means more collisions per second</p>
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catalyst

sre substances which speed up the rate of reaction without being altered or consumed

<p>sre substances which speed up the rate of reaction without being altered or consumed </p>
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how do catalysts work

they provide an alternate pathway for the reaction to occur, the pathway requires lower activation energy

<p>they provide an alternate pathway for the reaction to occur, the pathway requires lower activation energy</p>
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whats a biological catalyst

enzyme

<p>enzyme</p>