APHUG - Semester 1 Final - Sudy guide

distribution

distribution

Where something is found

Define Density

How much of something there is

Ecumene

Portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

What is population density?

Total number of people per area

gendered spaces

Areas or regions designed for men or women

What 4 regions does 2/3 of the worlds population live in?

East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Europe

List 3 ways to measure population

Crude birth rate, Crude death rate, Natural rate of increase

Whats total fertility rate?

Average number of children a woman would have

Describe the population growth patterns today

95% is occurring in developing countries (higher birth rate)

Describe demographic momentum

Occurs when a country with a young population continues to experience continued population growth

population pyramids

Divided by age group and gender, tool to measure population in a region

dependency ratio

The number of people who are too young or old to work

Decribe sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females

renewable resource

Produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans

Decribe nonrenewable resources

Produced in nature more slowly than consumed by humans

carrying capacity

The number of people or things that can be sustained in an area

Malthus theory

Resources grow at a fixed rate (linear) and population grows exponentially, we would eventually run out of resources to sustain ourselves.

Decribe stage one in the DTM

High deaths, high births

Decribe stage two in the DTM

Death rate decreases, positive population growth

stage three in the DTM

Birth rate decreases, positive population growth

stage four in the DTM

Low deaths and low births, little to no population growth

stage five in the DTM

Negative population growth and a aging population, the few countrys in this stage are very early in

What is a developed country?

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

developing country

A country that has relatively low income or are economically poorer than developed countries.

metacity

A densely populated city with over 20 million people

Whats a megacity?

A densely populated city with over 10 million people

Whats arithmetic density?

The average number of people per unit of land area.

physiological density

The average number of people per unit area of "arable land" or land that is suitable for cultivation.

agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land, measures the labor intensiveness of a country's agriculture.

Whats replacement level fertility rate?

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabalize the population over time.

measure death rates

Using the Crude death rate system of measuring, take the number of deaths per year per 1000 people

nonlinear progression

A demographic tranistion model that implies a specific stage-by-stage progression, a country could return to a previous stage.

accelerated transition

When the progression through the demographic transition model is so rapid a country skips a stage.

Boserup effect

The increase of food production based on new technologies being created.

carrying capacity of the Earth

It all depends because it is very difficult to find an exact or near exact number, it all varies over time.

What is antinatalist policies?

Policies that want to reduce population growth and fertility rates.

pronatalist policies

Policies that want to increase population growth and fertility rates.

women's status and women's empowerment

The degree of equality between men and women. Women's increased freedom and their access to and control over physical and social resources in society.

What does women's education do to fertility rates?

It is associated with fertility reduction, more educated, marry later, have less kids. Focus on a few children over a ton because they dont need the extra hands or it doesnt follow their culture to have tons.

What does women's participation in economic activites do to fertility rates?

Leads to fertility reduction, it can encourage women to delay marriages, reduce family size, and increase family planning.

consequences of population aging

Labor force shortage, effects economic growth by making the ability to improve less competitive. Countries adapt to this by boosting fertility rates by giving benefits or use new technologies to help.

migration

The long-term or permanant move from one place to another.

spatial mobility

All forms of geographical movement, including people's everyday commuting and travels.

social mobility

Implied change in social heirarchy.

immigrants

People who move INTO a region

emmigrants

People who move OUT of a region

net migration

The difference between immigrants and emmigrants.

Define transhumace

A process of moving herds seasonally between summer and winter pastures, not commonly considered a type of human migration.

What is forced migration?

An event that occurs that causes people to move someplace else

What do geographers do?

Try to understand the world around them.

Explain spatial analysis

Looking for patterns of the space, area, and location of the Earth.

What does Geography focus on?

It focuses on the why of WHERE.

History

It focuses on the why of WHEN.

List the ways geographers spatially analyze

Ask questions, gather data, examine and analyze data, act on new information

Define a map

A representation usually on a flat surface of the whole or a part of an area.

projection

Presenting an image onto a surface

Explain distortion

Changing the shape of something

Name the four types of map projections

1. Mercator

2. Robinson

3. Goode’s Homolosine

4. Gall-peters

3 Examples of scale

Global, regional, local

Meridian

An arc drawn between the North and South pole

Remote Sensing

Taking pictures with satallites or from other long distance sites

Explain GPS

AKA. global position

GIS

AKA. Geographic information system

physical map

Focuses on landforms such as mountains and rivers.

political map

Shows government boundries such as countries, states, or major cities

isoline map

Using lines on a map that connects points of equal value.

Explain what a dot map is

Each dot represents a specifc amount of something

choropleth map

A map that uses shades of color to show differences, only focuses one one topic.

cartogram map

A map that uses data to form the particular shape of an area. The shapes are based on data and not the actual size of the area.

Place

A specific place on Earth with unique characteristics.

List the 3 elements of Place.

Place name, site, situation

Explain cultural landscapes

An area modified by humans to reflect what they value

built landscapes

An area built for human activities

region

Places on Earth with similar characteristics in common.

3 types of regions

Formal, functional, perceptual/vernacular

diffusion

The process of moving across space from one place to another over time.

two types of diffusion

Relocation and Expansion

List the 3 types of Expansion

Hierarchical, relocation, contagious

Explain distance decay

Idea that decreases with greater distance and eventually disappears.

Explain space-time compression

Decreases time it takes for something to reach another place

Globalization

The force or process that involves the entire globe.

List the four key points to a map

Maps present information about the world in a simple, visual way. Cartographers gather and use a large amount of data to draw maps. Maps use a spatial perspective to show spatial patterns. Maps reveal spatial patterns that result from a specific process.

What's data aggregation?

It's the process of collecting and organzing large amounts of information

List a drawback and a benefit of map projections

Drawback: Due to Earth being a sphere, no projections are perfectly accurate

Benefit: Shows the Earth all in a different form that is specific to what the map is used for (travelling for trading, density, etc.)

Explain satellite imagery

Images of Earth's surface gathered from sensors on satellites.

Define space

The area we occupy as humans, it has no value until humans make it their own.

What is interdependence?

The ties established between regions and countries that over time collectively create a global economic system.

environmental perception

The realationships humans have with the environment.

greenhouse gas and greenhouse effect

Greenhouse gases absorb and trap heat and energy close to Earth's surface. This causes a global rise in temperature known as the greenhouse effect.

Explain the geographic scale of analysis

A way of measuring data in a large scale.

Explain regional analysis

Examining patterns and processes within and between regions at multiple geographic scales.

Whats a reference map?

A map that shows the location of human and physical objects.

environmental determinism

The belief that human behavior is caused by the environment.

What's possibilism?

The idea that humans can overcome the constraints the environment puts in their way.

Explain what a compass rose is

A figure on a map that shows the cardinal directions.

Whats hierarchical diffusion?

The spread of an idea from a person or nodes that comes from the power of people or places.

legend

A key on a map that shows symbols, colors, and labels used on the map.

Culture

Learned shared behavior patterns within a group

Why is language important to culture?

It connects people together, it helps communicate behaviors, and it preserves traditions.

Language group

Set of languages with a common ancestry and similar word structure.