2.2-2.7

Seterra Quiz: https://www.geoguessr.com/vgp/3044?gamemode=type MAP of New England & Middle Colonies: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/colonial-america/colonial-north-america/a/lesson-summary-new-england-and-middle-colonies

Pope’s Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt

• Indian uprising in NM

• Attempt 2 resist Catholicism by Pueblos

• Pope, a Pueblo Prophet, promised that once the Spanish were killed/expelled gods would reward them w/ health & prosperity

• 21/33 missionaries were killed & 400 in total

Charter

• A contract w/ the King that set up the colonies

• Granted special privileges via the Monarch describing relationship between colony & crown

Chesapeake

• 1st English Colonies of NA

• Named after a Bay

• Included Virginia and Maryland

Indentured Servants

• Many of the men immigrating to the Chesapeake region were indentured servants

• Agreed 2 work 4 a specific period in return 4 room & board

• Were under absolute rule of masters until the end of their work period

• Africans worked under this sys until 1660

Jamestown

• Virginia Company (JSC) founded 1st permanent English Colony in America in 1607

• Sent primarily indentured servants young men from England

• Developed cash crops (tobacco)

• Captain John Smith took control of the colony & built a fort + John Rolfe helped 2 dev tobacco as cash crop

• Virginia Company was nearly bankrupt = King James I revoked the company charter & took direct control = became England’s first royal colony VIRGINIA

Virginia Company

• Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter 4 land in the NW

• Guaranteed new colonists same rights as ppl back in England

Starving time

• The timeframe from 1609-1610 for colonists in Virginia where swampy land led to bloody flux & malaria

• Only 60/400 colonists survived & rest died

Head-right System

• Virginia offered 50 acres of land 2 each immigrant who paid 4 his passage and any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant’s passage to Jamestown

• Aided landowners by sponsoring indentured servants (white laborers)

Maryland

• Chesapeake Bay Colony that started as a refuge for Catholics facing persecution by protestants in England but NOT a LOT move here

• Set up separation of church & state and focused on tobacco production

Act of Toleration

• Cecil Calvert persuaded the assembly to adopt the Act of Toleration

• The first colonial statute granting religious freedom 2 all Christians & death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

• Created for Catholics who immigranted 2 MD

• Catholics lost right 2 vote in elections

Overproduction

• Low tobacco prices during 1660s brought hard times 2 colonies

• When VA inc prices London merchants retaliated by raising their own prices

New England (Massachusetts Bay Colony)

• Region based on strong religious convictions = Massachusetts Bay Colony (Puritans)

  • Focused on God & Cod (fishing)

  • Established by John Windrop

  • Known as a city upon a hill

  • Focused on church & town hall

• Dissidents were banished from the Bay colony 2 found rest of colonies

• Economy based on ship building, fishing & farming

Puritans

• Religious groups that wanted 2 purify the church of England

• Came 2 America 4 religious freedom & settled in Massachusetts Bay

Roger Williams

• Puritan Minister, Roger Williams, moved from England 2 Boston

• Believed that the individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil/church authority = banished

• Created Rhode Island

Rhode Island

• Allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews 2 worship freely

• Recognized the rights of American Indians & paid them for use of land

• Granted charter allowing it 2 join Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony = became refuge of religious toleration

Anne Hutchinson

• Puritian dissident who went against gender norms by preaching

• Believed in antinomianism = banished from MA. Bay Colony = moved to Rhode Island

Antinomianism

• The idea that faith alone is necessary 4 salvation

Connecticut

• West of Rhode Island Hartford was founded

• Attracted ppl unhappy w/ Massachusetts authorities

• Given limited degree of self gov via legislatures elected by popular vote

• 2nd Settlement was founded called New Haven, joining w/ Hartford 2 form Connecticut

Halfway Covenant

• Many 2nd and 3rd gen New Englanders were not becoming members of the church

• Allowed children/grandchildren of Puritian church members 2 be baptized at the church but couldn’t accept communion/vote

South Carolina

• As a reward 4 helping him gain the throne Charles II granted 2 royal colonies, South and North Carolina to 8 nobles

• Colonists from Barbados helped 2 create the colony

• Economy was based on rice-growing plantations and indigo based on slave labor

North Carolina

• Had few good harbors & poor transportation = fewer lrg plantations & reliance on slavery

• Attracted farmers from VA & New England who established small self-sufficient tobacco farms

• Earned a reputation for democratic views & autonomy from British control

New York

• Charles II took control of New Amsterdam from the Dutch & granted his brother Duke of York the land

• Ordered Dutch settlers 2 be treated well & 2 allow freedom 2 worship

• Ordered new taxes, duties, & rents w/o consent of a representative assembly = angered by taxation w/o representation by Eng Settlers

Pennsylvania

• Founded by Quaker William Penn 2 provide religious refugee 4 Quakers

• Brought a plan for a grid pattern of streets

• Treated Indians fairly & didn’t cheat them when purchasing land

• Attracted settlers via promise of political/religious freedom = Dutch & Swedish colonists came

Quakers

• Religious radical group by Religious Society of Friends

• Believed in equality for men & women, nonviolence, and resistance 2 military service

• Saw religious authority founded within each person’s soul and not in the Bible = JAILED

Georgia

• Last colony chartered

• Only colony that received direct financial support from gov

• Britain created Georgia to have a defensive buffer 2 protect propserous S. Carolina plantations from Spanish and alternative to prison to alleviate prison pop. in England

Triangular Trade

• A “triangular” route that connected North America, Africa, and europe

• Typical voyage began in New England where:

  • ship loaded w/ rum travels 2 West Africa => traded for Africans => ship would set out on MIddle Passage => traded for sugarcane in West Indies => returned to New England to sell sugar to make into rum

Middle Passage

• Slave traders sent 10-15 mil enslaved ppl from Africa where 15% died on the voyage across the atlantic ocean called the middle passage to America

Mercantilism

• Economic theory that a country’s wealth (military/political strength) was determined by how much more it exported than imported

• Colonists existed to enrich the parent country 4 profit

• British colonies followed Spanish & French mercantilist policies

Navigation Acts

• Implemented mercantilist policies via 3 rules for colonial trade:

  • 1) Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English/colonial built ships operated only by English ppl

  • 2) All goods imported into colonies had to pass through ports in England

  • 3) Enumerated goods from the colonies could be exported to England only (Tobacco)

Salutary Neglect

• England was very lax in enforcing Navigation Acts b/c the Atlantic Ocean sep the British Gov. from the colonies

• Lack of attention was seen as beneficial bc the colonies had abundant natural resources that would have been sold mostly to English because of strong economic ties

New England Confederation

• New England colonies faced constant threats from Native Americans, Dutch, and French

• 4 colonies formed a military alliance for mutual protection = precedent for colonies taking unified action

King Philip’s War

• The New England Confederation allowed the colonists to win a war

• In response 2 Eng settlers encroaching on Native American lands, chief of the Wampanoag, Metacom (known as King Philip) united many tribes in southern New England = Metacom’s War

• Colonial forces prevailed, ending Native American resistance in New England

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Sir William Berkeley, the royal gov of Virginia antagonized small farmers on Virginia’s western frontier bc he failed 2 protect them from Indian attacks

• Indentured servants led a rebellion against Berkeley’s government

• Raids/massacres against Indian villages in Virginia & overthrew the governor, burning Jamestown

Chattel Slavery

• The first Africans came to Virginia in 1619 on a Dutch Ship as indentured servants

• The Virginia House of Burgesses in 1660s passed laws that kept Africans and their offspring in permanent bondage

• Existed in all colonies prior to the revolution

Virginia Slave Laws

• Legislation in 1661 that children automatically inherited their mother’s enslaved status for life

First Great Awakening

• Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s & 1740s where George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God

• Attempted to combat the growing secularism & rationalism of 18th century America

• Religious splits in the colonies became deeper = some ppl wanted sep of Church & State

Enlightenment

• 18th century movement by educated Americans

• Advocated for the use of reason as ppl relied too much on tradition & God’s intervention in human life

Congregationalism

• Puritian church believed that not all residents should be full church members

• Church consisted of the elect and to become a member one had to testify about a conversion experience

• Citizenship was tied to church membership

Predestination

• Belief that no matter what a person does, the outcome of life is already determine by God

New England Way

• Cooperation between Church & State was the basis for Puritans

• All colonists were expected to live by this way

• New England life was centered around Church

Miscellaenous Stuff to Know

• British Colonies in North America were

• Diverse and included many people who were not “British”

• Middle Colonies

  • Pennsylvania & New York City

  • Middle Colony - Small family farms growing wheat (Penn & NY)