KINE 3080 EXAM TWOOOOO

Hexokinase

brings and keeps glucose into the cell of skeletal muscle

Glucokinase

brings and keeps glucose into the cell of the liver

phosphoglucomutase moves phosphate group from glucose to glucose _ phosphate?

glucose 1 phosphate to glucose 6 phosphate to start glycolysis

Why does glycogen have 1 more net ATP then glucose?

its already in the cell and you don’t need to add any ATP in the cell

Is the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-phosphate reversible?

no, phosphofructokinase cannot reverse this conversion

Glycolysis is meant more for _______ twitch cells

fast-twitch muscle cells (IIx)

In glycolysis, 1 module of glucose includes

4 ATP

2 NADH

2 H20

In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate converts into ?

Lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase

What is lactate threshold?

when the body cannot “clear” lactate as fast as it is “making” it, which results in lactate being accumulated in the body

in aerobic glycolysis, pyruvate gets turned into?

Acetyl-CoA

Glycolysis occurs where?

cytoplasm

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occurs where?

mitochondria

What has to be present to metabolize?

oxygen

What is produced during the Krebs Cycle?

2 ATP

8 NADH

2 FADH2

6 CO2

Where does cellular respiration occur?

mitochondria

For carbohydrates only, you have to convert pyruvate into what?

Acetyl-CoA

For every 1 glucose/glycogen molecule, there are ______________ produced, thus there will be _____ turns in the Krebs Cycle.

2 pyruvates produced

2 turns in Krebs Cycle

Main goals of Krebs Cycle?

create ATP, produce reducing equivalents of NADH+ H+ and FADH2 , and produce CO2

what is the rate limiting enzyme of the Krebs Cycle?

isocitrate dehydrogenase

In an electron transport chain:

1 NADH + H+ = _____ ATP

2.5

In electron trasport chain:

1 FADH2 = __

1.5

In ONE round of Krebs Cycle, how much of what is produced?

3 NADH

1 FADH

1 ATP

What is the difference between a triglyceride and a fatty acid ?

only 1 compared to 3

triglyceride is a

glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids

a fatty acid is the

building block of fats

• contains carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen

Digestion breaks down _____ into ____ ____

fats

fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids contain ______ between carbon molecules

single bonds

Unsaturated fatty acids can contain ________ between some carbon molecules

double bonds

Momounsaturated

= 1 double bond (mono=one)

Polyunsaturated

= 2+ double bonds (poly = many)

How many kcal/g are in fat

1 gram of fat= 9kcal

how to find % of fat using kcal?

kcal/total kcal = decimal and then multiply by 100 to get %

Mitochondria has to be present to metabolize ?

Fats

the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules =

B-oxidation , and its located in the Mitochondria

What is lipolysis ?

mobilization of a triglyceride from where it is stored in a fat cell

Glycolysis

= breakdown of carbohydrates

During oxidative phosphorylation of fat, what is used as energy source?

Triglycerides

Where are triglycerides stored?

muscle called intramuscular TG’s

Do you make more ATP from the breakdown of fats or carbs?

Fats

The amount of ATP produced from the breakdown of lipid is depends on

length of the FA chain

Step 1 : Lipolysis

Step 2: Beta Oxidation

What is the most common SATURATED fatty acid?

Palmitate (C16H31O2)

To start B-Oxidation , we need to activate the fatty acid by _______

investing 2 ATP

How to calculate ATP from fatty acids

1. carbon chain length divided by 2= number of acetyl-CoA produced

2. Number of acetyl-CoA produced subtracted by 1 = NADH

3. FADH2 = same number as step 2

4. Then go into the Kreb Cycle

5. NADH (3) x acetyl-CoA

6. FADH2 (1) x acetyl-CoA

7. ATP (1) x acetyl-CoA

8. Then add all of them up and convert into ATP

( NADH = 2.5) and (FADH2 = 1.5)

9. Add all of the Total ATP

10. Then use that total ATP and subtract two from the ones you invested in

What calorimetry is expensive and difficult. It also used the production of body head from biological reactions to determine energy?

Direct Calorimetry

What does Direct Calorimetry NOT tell you?

Substrate Utilization

What calorimetry measures Vo2 as an indirect measurement?

Indirect Calorimetry

How do you determine how much energy is produced using indirect calorimetry?

VO2 and VCO2

What is the formula for Absolute VO2?

VO2 L/min

What is the total amount of oxygen a person consumers in liters per minute?

absolute VO2

What is the measurement of how much oxygen a person consumes relative to their body weight?

Relative VO2

What is the formula for Relative VO2?

absolute VO2(ml)/body weight(kg) = ml/kg/min

How do you convert lbs to kg

divide by 2.2

What is a MET ?

metabolic equivalent

What are METs used for ?

resting activities

1 MET = _______ mL/kg/min

3.5 mL/kg/min

What is EE?

energy expenditure

How do you find EE when given the VO2 value as kcal/min?

L/min x 5

How do you find EE when given a VO2 value as kcal/day?

kcal/min x 60 × 24hr

Formula for RER

VCO2/VO2

What does RER mean in the terms of substrate utilization for 1.00

manly uses carbs

What does RER mean in the terms of substrate utilization for 0.70

mainly fats

What does RER mean in the terms of substrate utilization for 0.85

uses carbs and fats

BMI category for anything above 30?

obese

BMI category for 25-29.9

overweight

BMI normal weight category

18.5-24.9

underweight BMI category

anything below 18.5

What are the different components of energy expenditure?

RMR (resting metabolism)

TEF (thermic effect of feeding)

NEAT (non exercise activity thermogenesis

Physical Activity

Which component of energy expenditure compromises our greatest amount of calorie burned in a 24 hour period?

RMR

What is the maintenance of a constant internal environment even when the external changes?

Homeostasis

What is steady state?

you are staying constant (no increase or decrease)

• hitting a plateau

what feedback type is when the normal values of a variable are restored to maintain homeostasis

negative

What does positive feedback do?

act to increase the stimulus

What feedback is this: Krebs Cycle

Negative feedback

What feedback is this? The respiratory systems regulation of CO2 concentration in extra cellular fluid

negative

Enhancement of labor contractions during childbirth is an example of _________ feedback?

positive

Muscle glycogen and Blood glucose use mainly?

CHO

Plasma FFA and muscle triglycerides mainly use

Fats

Beta oxidation uses

fatty acids / fats

Glucose and glycogen (glycolysis) use

Carbs

What are the one step reactions to immediately produce ATP?

What is the metabolic reaction that creates ATP?

Substrate Level Phosphorlaytion

As exercise intensity increases, what else increases?

force production and ATP requirement

Oxidative Phosphorylation is __________ and requires _____ to produce ATP

Aerobic

O2

ATP-PC is _________ and requires ___ ____ to produce ATP

Anaerobic

NO O2

O2 is needed for recovery

Glycolytic is _________ and requires ___ ____ to produce ATP

Anaerobic

NO O2

O2 is needed for recovery

Anaerobic is used for ?

sprinting/need ATP fast

Aerobic is used for

long distance/endurance workouts

Why do we get a different number of ATP during glycolysis when our starting molecule is glucose?

we invest TWO ATP because of Hexokinase and PFK

Why do we get a different number of ATP during glycolysis when our starting molecule is glycogen?

We invest ONE ATP only because there is already a phosphate group attached

Beta Oxidation Formula to find out how many Acetyl-CoA?

carbon length chain / 2

Beta oxidation formula for finding NADH and FADH

Carbon Chain Length / 2 = # - 1

Rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis ?

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

How many NADH is produced in ONE turn of the Krebs cycle?

3

How many NADH and ATP is produced in ONE turn of the Krebs cycle

1 each

What is the ATP equivalent of NADH?

2.5

What is the ATP equivalent for FADH2

1.5

What adipose secreted hormone signals fullness?

Leptin