Extra Information About Human Reproduction

What are the 3 stages of labor?

1. Cervix thins out and dilates, amniotic sac ruptures and releases fluids

2. Rapid contractions followed by birth

3. Uterus contracts and expels umbilical cord and placenta

Which type of twins arise when two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm?

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

How do fraternal (dizygotic) twins relate genetically?

not genetically identical

(Note: no more related than ordinary siblings)

Which type of twins arise from indeterminate cleavage where a single fertilized egg splits into two?

identical (monozygotic) twins

In which embryo stage do totipotent stem cells exist?

morula stage

Which stem cell can give rise to all tissue types, but not an entire organism?

pluripotent stem cell

In which embryo stage do pluripotent stem cells exist?

blastula stage

Which stem cell can give rise to to any and all human cells, and even an entire functional organism?

totipotent stem cell

Which stem cell can give rise to limited range of cells within a tissue type?

multipotent stem cell

Which stem cell can give rise to just one single cell type?

unipotent stem cell

Which type of stem cells are embryonic stem cells?

pluripotent

Which type of stem cells are adult stem cells and umbilical cord blood cells?

multipotent

Which stem cells are formed by 'deprogramming' a fully differentiated cell?

induced pluripotent stem cells

Which type of fertilization do fish and amphibians exhibit?

external fertilization

(AKA: ovuliparity)

External fertilization requires what from mating behaviors?

cooperativity

(Note: ensure simultaneous egg and sperm release)

Is there copulation in external fertilization?

no

Which type of fertilization do reptiles, birds, and some mammals (monotremes) exhibit?

internal fertilization

Is there copulation in internal fertilization?

yes

(Note: requires cooperative mating behavior)

Which type of internal development involves laying eggs and hatching them later?

oviparity

Which type of internal development involves internal eggs and birth of live young?

ovoviviparity

Which type of internal development involves birth to live young that were given nutrients during development?

viviparity

Which type of internal development involves the embryo spending a short time in development and developing further when attached to a mammary gland in the mother's pouch?

non-placental internal

development

Which type of internal development involves umbilical cord and placenta system?

placental internal development

Where does a placental fetus receive oxygen, nutrients, CO2 and metabolic exchange?

mother

What structure forms from the outgrowth of the amnion, chorion, allantois, and the yolk sac?

placenta

What liquid does the amnion contain?

amniotic fluid

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

shock absorber

What structure enlarges to become umbilical vessels that connect the fetus with the developing placenta?

blood vessels of allantois

When the placenta is formed, what structures does the yolk sac become associated with?

umbilical vessels

Which type of fertilization is typically associated with production of fewer gametes but a higher % of surviving zygotes?

internal fertilization

(Note: more protected from predators/environment)

Which group of terrestrial vertebrates have terrestrially adapted eggs that are supported by several extra embryonic membranes?

amniotes

(Note: Does not

include amphibians

or frogs)

What are mammals that lay leathery eggs, lack nipples, and are endothermic (low body temp/metabolic rate)?

monotremes

(Note: includes

platypuses and

echidnas)

Gas and nutrient exchange between fetal and maternal blood occurs across which structures?

villi from chorionic membrane

Deoxygenated blood leaves the fetus through which vessels?

fetal arteries

oxygenated blood returns to the fetus through which vessels?

fetal veins

Blood flowing from the mother to fetus fills in pools that surround which structure?

chorionic villi

Are the fetal and maternal circulatory systems continuous?

no

(Note: not

directly connected)

What term describes the interaction with cells and biological molecules outside their normal biological context?

in vitro

(Note: such as in a lab)

What is the process of IVF (in vitro fertilization) with microinjection?

deliver sperm

directly to egg

via a needle

What is the process of IVF (in vitro fertilization) without microinjection?

sperm and egg mixed together in dish for 'natural' fertilization

What is the approximate success rate of IVF with microinjection?

~75%

(Note: helps with male fertility because low sperm count or abnormally swimming sperm are no longer a problem)

What term describes the interaction with cells and biological molecules inside their normal biological environment?

in vivo

(Note: Natural conception (in vivo) normally has a higher success rate than IVF)

How long is trimester during pregnancy?

3 months

(Note: 3 trimesters during pregnancy)

During which trimester do the organs of the fetus develop?

first trimester

(Note: known

as the critical

development period)

Why is it important that the mother maintain adequate calcium levels during pregnancy?

the fetus will resorb it from the mother's skeleton

During which trimester is the fetus very active and the uterus grows enough for the pregnancy to be noticeable?

second trimester

During which trimester does the fetus has a final growth of ~1.6 feet/7 lbs?

third trimester

Which type of reproduction in non-animal organisms produces offspring that are genetic clones?

asexual reproduction

What is the asexual separation of an organism into two new cells (amoeba)?

fission

What is the asexual process where a new individual grows from an existing one and then splits off (hydra)?

budding

What is the asexual process where a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals (sponge/ planaria/starfish)?

fragmentation + regeneration

What is the reproductive process in which an egg develops without fertilization?

parthenogenesis

What kind of adult is created via parthenogenesis?

haploid or diploid

(Note: honeybees, wasps, ants, some lizards, and hammerhead sharks)