Chapter 2 - ML

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the lecture notes on measuring motor performance.

Performance outcome measures

Measures that indicate the outcome or result of performing a motor skill (e.g., distance walked, points per game). Do not reveal information about the musculoskeletal or neuromuscular system.

Performance production measures

Measures that reveal how the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems function during the performance of a motor skill (e.g., EEG, EMG, kinematics).

Reaction Time (RT)

The interval between the onset of a signal and the initiation of a response; how long it takes to prepare or initiate a movement.

Movement Time (MT)

The interval between the initiation of a movement and its completion.

Response Time

The total time interval involving both RT and MT; RT and MT are independent of each other.

Foreperiod

The interval between the warning signal and the Go signal.

Simple RT

RT when responding to a single, simple signal (e.g., a sprinter hearing the start signal).

Choice RT

RT when the response depends on selecting among multiple possible signals (e.g., driving/traffic signal).

Discrimination RT

RT when responding to only one specific stimulus while ignoring others (e.g., swinging at pitches in the strike zone).

Absolute Error

The absolute difference between the actual performance on each repetition and the goal (magnitude only, no sign).

Constant Error

The signed deviation from the target or criterion; indicates bias (overshooting or undershooting).

Variable Error

An error score representing the variability of performance (akin to the standard deviation of scores across repetitions).

Radial Error

In two-dimensional goals, the distance error; the radial distance between the end point and the target.

Two-Dimensional Movement Goals

Goals that require accuracy in both vertical and horizontal directions, typically assessed with radial error.

RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error)

An error measure for continuous skills indicating the amount of error between the performance curve and the criterion performance curve over time.

Displacement

Change in position of a body; a vector quantity describing the location shift.

Velocity

The rate of change of displacement; speed with a direction.

Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity.

Kinematics

Description of motion without regard to force or mass; includes displacement, velocity, acceleration; covers linear and angular motion.

Kinetics

The study of forces as causes of motion; includes measures like EMG and various neuroimaging modalities.

EMG (Electromyography)

Recording of the electrical activity of muscles to assess neuromuscular activation.

EEG (Electroencephalography)

Recording of electrical activity of the brain.

NIRS (Near-Infrared Spectroscopy)

Technique that measures brain oxygenation and hemodynamics.

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

Imaging modality that measures metabolic processes in the body.

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

Recording of magnetic fields produced by neural activity in the brain.

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)

Noninvasive method to stimulate the brain using magnetic fields.