Araling Panlipunan 8 - Reviewer for Second Summative Test

Historical social structures, religions, and philosophical systems from Sumer, India, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

Lugal (Hari)

The highest leader in the Sumerian social structure.

Brahmin

The social class in the Indian Varna system consisting of priests and teachers.

Kshatriya

The social class in the Indian Varna system consisting of kings, warriors, and leaders.

Vaishya

The social class in the Indian Varna system consisting of merchants, farmers, and businessmen.

Shudra

The social class in the Indian Varna system consisting of workers and servants.

Dalit (Untouchables)

A group not included in the four main levels of the Varna system who experienced discrimination.

Pharaoh

The highest leader and representative of the gods in Egyptian society.

Athens

Recognized as the cradle of democracy, emphasizing education, arts, and philosophy.

Metics

Foreigners in Athens who lacked full political rights.

Sparta

A Greek city-state focused on the military, discipline, and physical strength.

Patrician

The upper class of Roman citizens who held significant power in the government.

Plebeian

The common citizens of Rome who fought for their rights.

Freedmen

Former slaves in Roman society who were liberated by their masters.

Twelve Tables

The first collection of Roman laws that enacted a clearer and more equitable system of governance.

Hinduism

Known as the oldest religion in the world, it emerged in India with the Aryans.

Vedas

The sacred book of the Hindu religion.

Siddhartha Gautama

The founder of Buddhism who achieved enlightenment under the Bo Tree.

Islam

A religion founded by Prophet Muhammad, who is recognized as the final prophet.

Qur'an

The sacred book of the religion of Islam.

Confucianism

A philosophy founded by Confucius that emphasizes family respect, education, and moral leadership.

Shintoism

The indigenous belief system of Japan centered on the worship of nature spirits or gods.

Kami

The spirits or gods in Shintoism that reside within nature.

Abrahamic Religions

The group of religions including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam that believe in one God and share a common origin through Abraham.