neural disorders

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Last updated 8:46 AM on 9/7/26
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24 Terms

1
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Which factors play a role in the development of neural tube defects? (2)

  1. Environmental and

  2. Genetic factors


2
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How do we prevent neural tube defects?

Maternal folic acid pre-conception and during early pregnancy

3
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Define Spina bifida

Failure of caudal development of the vertebral bodies and spinal cord

<p>Failure of caudal development of the vertebral bodies and spinal cord</p>
4
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What are the 3 types of Spina bifida ?

  1. Occulta

  2. Meningocele

  3. Myelomeningocle


<ol><li><p>Occulta </p></li><li><p>Meningocele </p></li><li><p>Myelomeningocle </p></li></ol><p></p>
5
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What is the management of Spina bifida? (2)

  1. Keep it clean

  2. Surgical repair


6
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What are the cutaneous markers with high risk of Spina occulta? (3)

  1. Dermal sinus

  2. Lipoma

  3. Tail


7
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Cutaneous markers with intermediate/ low risk of spina bifida occulta? (7)

  1. Cutis aplasia

  2. Atypical/ simple dimple

  3. Hemangioma

  4. Hypertrichosis

  5. Mongolian spot

  6. Nevus simplex

  7. Nevus flammeus


8
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What diagnostic tools are used to diagnose spine & spinal cord? (2)

  1. MRI

  2. Sonar


9
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Define encephalocele

Herniation of sac through a midline skill defect

<p>Herniation of sac through a midline skill defect</p>
10
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What is the cause of an encephalocele?

Failure of fusion of skull

11
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What is common in an encepalocele if brain tissue is in the sac?

Neurodevelopment impairment

12
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Define anencephaly

A serious birth defect where a baby is born without major parts of the brain, skull and scalp

<p>A serious birth defect where a baby is born without major parts of the brain, skull and scalp</p>
13
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What is the cause of anencephaly?

Failure of cranial development (cranium & brain)

14
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What is the treatment of anencephaly?

Lethal (offer palliative care)

15
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If anencephaly is diagnosed antenatally what should you offer?

TOP

16
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Define hydrocephalus?

A medical condition defined by the abnormal buildup of CSF inside the cavities, or ventricles, of the brain

<p>A medical condition defined by the abnormal buildup of CSF inside the cavities, or ventricles, of the brain </p>
17
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What are the causes of a hydrocephalus? (2)

  1. CSF flow is blocked or

  2. CSF reabsorption impaired


18
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What are the types of hydrocephalus? (2)

Communicating > all 4 ventricles are dilated

Non- communicating

19
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What are the congenital causes of a hydrocephalus?(3)

  1. Aqueduct stenosis

  2. Chiari malformation

  3. Congenital malformation


20
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What are the acquired causes of a hydrocephalus?(2)

  1. Post-meningitis

  2. Post Intraventricular haemorrhage


21
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How do we monitor a neonate with hydrocephalus? (2)

  1. Serial head circumference

  2. Cranial sonars


22
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23
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What is the management of a hydrocephalus?

If symptomatic > CSF shunt


24
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What are the signs of raised intracranial pressure? (5)

  1. Rapidly increasing head circumference

  2. Vomiting

  3. Apnoea

  4. Seizures

  5. Setting-sun sign


<ol><li><p>Rapidly increasing head circumference </p></li><li><p>Vomiting </p></li><li><p>Apnoea </p></li><li><p>Seizures </p></li><li><p>Setting-sun sign </p></li></ol><p></p>