LEA 4- LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS & PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING

Categories of Police Operations

1. Public Safety Operation

2. Law Enforcement Operation

3. Internal Security Operation

4. Special Police Operation

5. Intelligence Operation

6. Investigation Operation

7. Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO)

Public Safety Operation

Includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills, Earthquake Drills and similar operations that promote public safety.

Law Enforcement Operation

Includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search Warrant, Enforcement of Visitorial Powers of the Chief, Philippine National Police and Unit Commanders, Anti-Illegal Drugs Operation, Anti-Illegal Gambling Operations, Anti-Illegal Logging Operations, Anti-Illegal Fishing Operations, Anti-Carnapping Operations, Anti-Kidnapping Operations, Anti-Cyber Crime Operations and similar operations that are conducted to enforce laws, statutes, executive orders and ordinances.

Internal Security Operation

Includes Counter-Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist Operations and similar operations that are conducted to ensure internal security.

Special Police Operation

Includes Checkpoint Operation, Roadblock Operation, Civil Disturbance Management Operation, Police Assistance in the Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and Similar Orders, Police Assistance in the Implementation of Final Court Order and Order from Quasi-Judicial Bodies, Hostage Situation, Visit Board Search and Seizure Onboard Marine Vessels and similar police operations that are conducted by police units with specialized training on the peculiarity of the mission or purpose.

Intelligence Operation

Includes Surveillance Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence Research, Intelligence Assessment and similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to security, public safety and order.

Investigation Operation

Includes Investigation of Crime or Incident, Administrative Investigation and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances for filing cases criminally or administratively.

Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO)

Includes the processing of crime scene, technical and forensic examination of evidences and similar scientific investigative assistance.

Rules on the Use of Body-Worn Cameras

At least 1 body-worn camera and 1 alternative recording device. A total of 2 recording devices.

Police Planning

An attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated service demands. It is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and events as basis for policy formulation and decision affecting law enforcement management.

Plan

Is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain a goal and objectives for the accomplishment of mission or assignment. It is a method or way of doing something in order to attain objectives.

Planning

Is a management function concerned with visualizing future situations, making estimates concerning them, identifying issues, needs and potential danger points, analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways and means for reaching desired goals according to a certain schedule, estimating the necessary fuds, and resources to do the work, and initiating action in time to prepare what may be needed to cope with the changing conditions and contingent events.

Classifications of Plan

1. General Classification

2. According to coverage

3. According to time

General Classification of Plans

1. Reactive Plans

2. Proactive Plans

3. Visionary Plans

Reactive Plans

Are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may occur for which the department has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful preparation.

Proactive Plans

Are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all police problems are predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response in advance.

Visionary Plans

Are essential statements that identify the role of the police in the community and a future condition or state to which the department can aspire. A vision may also include a statement of values to be used to guide the decision making process in the department.

According to Coverage Plans

1. Local Plan

2. Regional Plan

3. National Plan

According to Time Plans (SIO)

1. Strategic or Long Range Plan

2. Intermediate or Medium Range Planning

3. Operational or Short Range Planning

Strategic or Long Range Plan (5-10 years)

It determine the organization's original goals and strategy.

Intermediate or Medium Range Planning (1-5 years)

It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality efforts and accomplishments. It refers to the process of determining the contribution on efforts that can make or provide with allocated resources.

Operational or Short Range Planning (1 week to 1 year)

Refers to the production of plans, which determine the schedule of special activity and are applicable from one week or less than a year duration. Plan that addresses immediate needs which are specific and how it can be accomplished on time with available allocated resources.

Types of Police Plans (STOP)

1. Strategic Plan

2. Tactical Plan

3. Operational Plan

4. Policy or Procedural Plan

Strategic Plan

A series of preliminary decisions on a framework, which in turn guides subsequent decisions that generate the nature and direction of an organization. This is usually long range in nature.

Tactical Plans

These are procedures designed in dealing with specific situations at known locations. Included in this type are plans for dealing with an attack against the buildings with alarm systems and an attack against police headquarters by lawless elements.

Operational Plans

These are plans designed for operations of operations like the patrol, detectives, traffic, fire, and juvenile control divisions. These plans are prepared for the effectiveness of carrying out primary police tasks.

Policy or Procedural Plan

This refers to the Standard operating procedure (SOP) which serves as a guide to members performing routine field operations.

Policy or Procedural Plan subtypes:

1. Field Procedure

2. Headquarters Procedure

3. Special Operating Procedure

Field Procedure

Procedures intended to be used in all situations of all kinds shall be outlined as a guide to officers and men in the field.

Headquarters Procedure

Procedures designed to guide officers assigned in the duties dispatching, jails, or matrons and other personnel concerns this could be reflected in the duty manual.

Special Operating Procedures

These are procedures designed to guide members operating under the special operation.

Police Operational Planning

Is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police activities and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and operations in the department.

Objectives

Specific, short-term statements detailing how to achieve the organization's goals.

Goals

Are general statement of intention and typically with time horizon.

Most Common Oplans in the PNP

1. Oplan Tokhang

2. Oplan Bakal

3. Oplan balik eskwela

4. Oplan Lambat-sibat

5. Oplan Clean Sweep

6. Oplan Paglalansag Omega

7. Oplan Jumbo

8. Oplan Salikop

9. Loi Pagpapala

10. Oplan Disiplina

11. Oplan Bantay Dalampasigan

Oplan Tokhang

A police operation which aims to visit the houses of suspected illegal drug users and pushers to warn and ask them to surrender.

Oplan Bakal

To apprehend anybody who will be found violating the law such, illegal possession of deadly weapon, firearms and explosives.

Oplan Lambat Sibat

Aimed at significantly reducing crime rates across the country. The name itself is a Filipino phrase that translates to "net and snare," symbolizing the intent to capture criminals in a wide-ranging and effective manner.

Oplan Clean Sweep

Targeting carnapping, hijacking, and highway robbery.

Oplan Paglalansag Omega

Against Private Armed Groups and Loose firearms.

Oplan Jumbo

Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan against terrorist attacks.

Oplan Salikop

Strategic Plan against Organized Crime Groups.

Extra-office Plans

These are plans made to organize the community to assist in the accomplishment of objectives in the fields of traffic control, organize crime, and juvenile delinquency prevention.

SITAR Model

1. Synoptic or Rational Planning

2. Incremental Planning

3. Transactive Planning

4. Advocacy Planning

5. Radical Planning

Synoptic or Rational Planning

Problem-oriented Approach.

Incremental planning

Rather than taking one gigantic jump towards tackling an issue, the incremental model separates the dynamic cycle into little advances.

Transactive Planning

Dialogue and collaboration between planners and the people affected by the planning process.

Advocacy Planning

A type of planning which emphasizes that the proper role of the planner is not to serve the general public interest but rather to serve the interests of the least fortunate or least well represented groups in society.

Radical Planning

Is a stream of urban planning that challenges conventional planning approaches. It seeks to manage development in an equitable and community-based manner, often advocating for significant social and political change.

PNP MASTER PLANS

1. SANDIGAN-MILENYO

2. SANDUGO

3. BANAT

4. SANG-INGAT

5. SAKLOLO

6. SANGYAMAN

SANDIGAN-MILENYO

Anti-Criminality Master Plan

SANDUGO

Internal Security Operations

BANAT

Anti-Illegal Drugs Master Plan

SANG-INGAT

Security Operations Master Plan

SAKLOLO

Disaster Management Master Plan

SANGYAMAN

Protection and Preservation of Environment, Cultural Properties, and Natural Resources Master Plan

General Steps in Operational Planning

1. Frame of Reference

2. Clarifying the Problems

3. Collecting all Pertinent Facts

4. Developing the Facts

5. Developing Alternative Plans

6. Selecting the Most Appropriate Alternative

7. Selling the Most Appropriate Alternative

8. Arranging for the Execution of the Plan

9. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Plan

Considerations in Police Planning

Primary Doctrines:

1. Fundamental Doctrines

2. Operational Doctrines

3. Functional Doctrines

Secondary Doctrine:

1. Complimentary Doctrines

2. Ethical Doctrines

Crime Mapping

The process through which crime analyst and researchers use location information about crime events to detect spatial patterns in criminal activity.

Types of Crime Mapping

1. Single-Symbol

2. Graduated-Mapping

3. Density Mapping

4. Interactive Crime Map

Single-Symbol Mapping

Is the simplest type of mapping. In here, the police officer or the crime analyst used a uniform symbol to represent feautures.

Graduated Mapping

In this type the analyst uses different symbols, colors, or shapes to feature a particular representation.

Density Mapping

Uses point data to shade surfaces that are not limited to boundaries.

Interactive Crime Map

This is the only type of mapping accompanied by technology.

Thematic Mapping

A type of map that portrays the geographic pattern of a particular subject matter (theme) in a geographic area.

Non-Graphical Indicators

Are statistical measures that describe and summarize data without using visual representations like maps or charts. They rely on numerical values and calculations to convey information.

Hotspots

Areas that have high crime intensity.

Spatial Regression

Statistical technique used in crime mapping to understand the spatial patterns and relationships between crime incidents and various factors.

Geographic profiling

An investigative technique that uses crime scene locations to predict the most likely area where an offender resides.

Principles of Planning

1. Commitment

2. Limiting Factor

3. Reflective Thinking

4. Flexibility

5. Contribution to Organizational Objectives

6. Efficiency

7. Selection of Alternatives

8. Planning Premises

9. Timing and Sequence of Operations

10. Securing Participation

11. Pervasiveness

12. Strategic Planning

13. Innovation

14. Follow-up

Commitment

Certain resources must be committed or pledged for the purpose of planning.

Limiting Factor

More emphasis has to be put on that factor which is scarce or limited in supply or extremely costly.

Reflective Thinking

Problem-solving thought process—a process by which past experiences are superimposed on the facts of the present situation and possible future trends.

Flexibility

Prepared that there is sufficient scope for changing it from time to time.

Contribution to Organizational Objectives

Prepared and it is supported by many derivative plans. But all plans must contribute in a positive way towards the achievement of the enterprise objectives.

Efficiency

Attain the objectives of the enterprise at the minimum cost and least effort. It must also achieve better results with the minimum of unexpected happenings. Therefore, it is to be seen that what is expected is likely to be achieved.

Selection of Alternatives

Choice among alternative courses of action. There is no need for planning if there is only one way for doing something. In choosing from alternatives, the best alternative will be that which contributes most efficiently and effectively to the accomplishment of a desired goal.

Planning Premises

There must be complete agreement among the managers in respect of planning premises over which the structure of plan is to be framed.

Timing and Sequence of Operations

Determine the starting and finishing time for each piece of work according to some definite schedule and give practical and concrete shape and form to work performance.

Securing Participation

To secure participation of the employees with whole-hearted co-operation in execution of the plan, it is necessary that the plan must be communicated and explained to them for their full understanding.

Pervasiveness

Though major planning function is entrusted to the top management, it is not restricted to the top level only. It is a function of every manager at every level in the organization.

Strategic Planning

It is prepared in the light of what the competitors are intending to do. Planners must take into account the strategies of the rival organizations, otherwise the planning projection may land them in trouble.

Innovation

Consists in creating something new for increasing satisfaction of the consumers. This may also be stated as an important strategy of business.

Follow-up

In the course of execution of a plan, certain obstacles may crop up in midway and planning may require revision, alteration or correction. This is why there must be a follow-up system in the planning process itself. This allows timely changes in the planning and makes it more effective.

Elements of Planning

1. Objectives

2. Forecasting

3. Policies

4. Procedures

5. Rules

6. Programmes

7. Budgets

8. Projects

9. Strategies

Objectives

All planning work must spell out in clear terms the objectives to be realised from the proposed business activities.

Forecasting

Analysis and interpretation of future in relation to the activities and working of an enterprise.

Policies

Statements or principles that guide and direct different managers at various levels in making decisions.

Procedures

Outline a series of tasks for a specified course of action. It is definite steps in a chronological sequence within the area chalked out by the policies.

Rules

Specifies necessary course of action in a particular situation.

Programmes

Precise plans of action followed in proper sequence in accordance with the objectives, policies and procedures.

Budgets

An estimate of men, money, materials and equipment in numerical terms required for implementation of plans and programmes.

Projects

A single-use plan which is a part of a general programme.

Strategies

Devices formulated and adopted from the competitive standpoint as well as from the point of view of the employees, customers, suppliers and government.