Phase 1 Review

Why is suicide so common in the military and what factors increase and decrease it’s likelihood?

Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death (ages 18-24) and involves legal, financial, relationship and other psychological problems. It’s likelihood increases because of thoughts, gestures, attempts, isolation and withdrawal, buying weapons and mental health problems. However it can be decreased by command intervention, religion and hope for the future.

What are types of guard forces?

Exterior guard (est in combat/hostile zones), ship’s detachment (guard nuclear weapons, provide security vessels from threats), interior guard (for preserving order, protecting property and enforcing regulations)

Composition of the interior guard

Commanding officer (responsible for everything), commander of the guard (NCO or SNCO), SOG (assists commander of the guard), COG (in charge of relief of the guard), firewatch (keeps guard)

What are levels of force continuum?

Verbal commands, contact controls, forceful language, change in body/voice language, compliance techniques, consequences for non-compliance, come-along holds, defensive tactics points, close handed strikes/MA techniques

Deadly force

Force which a person uses with the purpose of causing or which is known or should be known to constitute likelihood of death or serious bodily harm. Includes: bayonets, night sticks, riot control agents, any weapon that will or could cause death

Boyd’s OODA loop

Observe, orient, decide and act

What are decision-making variables?

Chance, risk, time, experience (larger experience, the more you can reduce uncertainty and amount of info necessary to make a decision), human factors all influence decision-making to varying degrees

Analytical decision-making

Comprehensive, accurate form of decision-making in unfamiliar or complex situations involves a detailed analysis of situation and more informed decisions and actions

Recognition-primed decision making

Decision making informed by experience and intuition particularly in dynamic and complex situations where time is limited. Training, rehearsals and high intensity experiences allow for faster and more accurate recognition of key decision making factors. Foundation is pattern recognition (built by training)

Elements of action when a Marine tested positive for an illegal substance

Leadership, enforcement of standards, identification and education. A successful substance abuse program has key elements: prevention, deterrence, identification, early intervention, counseling services and aftercare

Characteristics of the AN/PRC-117G

• VHF: 0-10km

• UHF LOS: 20km-LOS

• UHF SATCOM: 22,300 miles 

• Freq range: VHF, UHF, UHF SATCOM: 30-511.99 MHz

Characteristics of the AN/PRC-163

• man-packed single channel radio

• 200m to 400m 

• 400m to 5km in medium power

• Max range of 5km-7km (terrain & power dependent)

• freq range: VHF, UHF, UHF SATCOM 30-511.99MHz

What’s the number 1 cause of preventable battlefield death?

Extremity hemorrhage

Open chest wound with suspected internal bleeding is what type of casualty triage?

Urgent

Tactical evacuation platform protected under the Geneva Convention…

MEDEVAC

Line 3 on a 9 line is…

Number of casualties by precedence

Hemorrhaging from extremity wounds can occur in…

60-120 secs

2nd degree burns to large portion of abdomen or extremeties is which triage type?

Priority

Brown recluse bites cause…

Necrotic tissue damage at site

Coral snake bites cause…

Neurotoxic venom causing paralysis and respiratory failure

Tension pneumothorax

Difficulty breathing, distended chest after a sucking chest wound

What lines of a 9line are required to dispatch MEDEVAC aircraft?

Lines 1-5

What determines how life-threatening a burn is?

The percentage of skin surface covered and severity of burn degree

What’s the best position for a casualty with a chest wound?

Sitting up or lying on the injured side

Corporal of the guard

COG is responsible for relief of the guard

What is commander of the guard responsible for?

Ensuring proper instruction, discipline, and performance of the guard

What are 3 primary purposes of a ship’s detachment?

Guard nuclear weapons, provide security vessels, and ceremonial duties

Center of gravity 

The enemy’s most critical source of strength or cohesion

Critical vulnerability

A pathway to attack an enemy’s center of gravity

What are contour lines?

Lines which show elevation on a military topographic map

What are different types of contour lines?

Index (show elevation), intermediate (lighter brown, in bw index lines), supplementary (broken light brown lines which generally depict locations w/ little elevation variation), depression (tick marks pointing down)

What are the 10 types of terrain features?

Water features, permanent vegetation, manmade features (roads, railroads, bridges, power transmission lines, airfields, buildings), concave, convex, hill, finger, saddle, draw, depression, ridge

SOSES

Acronym for describing landforms: shape, orientation, size, elevation, slope

Declination diagram

Located in lower margin of large-scale maps, indicates the angular relationships of true north, grid north, and magnetic north

What are the colors on a military topographic map?

Black (cultural/manmade features), red-brown/gray (id cultural features, relief features), blue (water), green (vegetation), brown (id terrain features on older maps), red (cultural features like populated areas)

What are 3 methods for locating positions?

Inspection, intersection, resection

Inspection

Method of determining your location by matching surrounding terrain features to corresponding features on the map

Intersection

Finding location of an unknown point by sighting on it from 1 or more known positions and determining the unknown location based on where they intersect

Resection

Method of finding your location by sighting on 1 or more known terrain features, finding their respective back azimuths and determining your location must be where they intersect

What are 3 types of norths?

True north (star, doesn’t change w/ poles), magnetic north (half an arrow, north pole), grid north (GN or y, parallel lines don’t converge)

What is the GM angle rule for Quantico?

When converting from magnetic to grid, subtract GM angle. When converting from grid to magnetic, add the GM angle. 

What are 6 requirements of communications systems?

Flexibility, interoperability (info can be exchanged among all commanders and forces involved in an operation), reliability, security, timeliness, survivability

Why is MAGTF C2 important?

It’s important for executing actions across a range of joint and coalition military operations. MAGTF C2 enhances lethality, strategic agility, operational reach and tactical flexibility

MAGTF C2 and commander

MAGTF C2 operation must manage info flow for commander so they get only necessary info as well as wider info flow (when needed)

What’s the role of command and control in maneuver warfare?

Command and control must deal effectively w/ 2 problems: uncertainty and time. May principally be involved in war but also in peacetime

What are CCIs?

Controlled cryptographic items (or tactical radios) which are controlled and governed by Electronic Key Management System (EKMS) which determines procedures for handling and operating CCIs.

What are the 2 elements of MAGTF network?

Services and switching networks

What is a service?

A method by which a user interacts with info: how info is presented, accessed, used, and exchanged. 3 types: voice-radio, imagery-video, data-files, documents and/or chat

What are switching networks?

Switching networks provide services and connect terminal devices. May be CSN (circuit switch networks) or PSN (packet switch network)

What are 2 types of communications?

Multiplexing networks and transmission networks

Multiplexing networks

Combine multiple circuits into 1 link and layer diff services together for transmission. Includes EoIP like phone and data

What are 2 ways radio waves travel?

Along ground (ground waves) or into atmosphere (sky waves). Radio waves are EM waves which propagate through space at the speed of light 

Frequency

Measured in terms of number of waves (cycles) generated per second. 1 cycle/1 sec is 1 hz. Infantry bn radios operate on frequencies in MHz (millions cycles/sec)

How does the length of a radio wave affect its propagation path?

The longer the radio wave is, the easier it can bend around obstacles such as hills or buildings. The shorter, the harder it is for it to bend around obstacles.

What are necessary considerations for ground waves?

Manmade features, vegetation and weather. Position of antenna should be on military crest and as far back from obstacles in path, must prepare to use relay or retransmission and have a SOM which exploits or avoids obstacles. 

Sky waves

Lower frequency radio waves can travel up into the atmosphere and bounce back (be reflected) to earth’s surface and back. But this property is restricted to waves of frequencies between 2-12MHz. Frequencies above this range can punch out into ionosphere. 

NVIS

Near vertical incident sky waves direct waves at a higher angle toward the sky to ensure that reflected wave returns to earth closer to transmitter and eliminates skip zones. Can be used to communicate over high obstacles (ie mountains) and may travel up to 300 miles from transmitting radio

HF, VHF, UHF

HF is 2-29.99 MHz, VHF is 30-89.99 MHz, UHF LOS/SATCOM is 225-511.99 MHz

Transmission networks

Provide connectivity & extend multiplexed & other services to users & bw nodes. 2 types are wideband (guided w/ cable or unguided in space) and narrow band (provides OTM voice but also low bandwidth imagery)

What does the acronym RACE mean for suicide prevention?

It stands for recognize warning signs, ask about self-harm, care (empathize) and escort to a professional. It should be utilized in that order in order to prevent suicide and to help Marines reach necessary resources like the chaplain, counselor or MCCS.

Why is spiritual fitness important for everyday life?

Spiritual fitness cannot be substituted in a war. It is just as essential as physical, mental and social fitness. It also forms the foundational values for a person’s life and what it means to live morally. Spiritual fitness helps shape goals and determines meaning and purpose giving hope for the future.

What are the 5 horizontal themes of TBS?

Exemplary character, devoted to lead Marines 24/7, able to decide, communicate and act in the “fog of war”, embraces naval character and warrior ethos, physically and mentally tough.

What does it mean to make ethical decisions in accordance with the 5 themes of TBS?

It means having the character as well as the devotion to leading Marines necessary to act in the fog of war. In any clime or place, in spite of adversity, being willing to be a competent and committed leader.

What are the 6 functional areas of Marine Leader Development?

Fidelity, fighter, fitness, family, finances, future

What is teaching (MCO 1500.61)?

The process of imparting knowledge from one with experience or expertise to one without same level of experience/expertise

Coaching (MCO 1500.61)

Process of both encouraging and demanding output

Counseling

The mechanism Marine leaders use to provide feedback on performance

Mentoring

A voluntary relationship between 2 individuals; should not be directed or forced

What does an effective leader do?

Leaders model behaviors consistent with the core values and serve as teachers and coaches. They establish a culture of ongoing interaction and feedback to develop Marines by teaching, counseling, coaching and mentoring across the 6 functional areas.

What is moral injury?

The psychological and spiritual damage caused by witnessing, perpetrating or failing to prevent an act which goes against an individual’s fundamental values and beliefs. It wounds a person’s sense of right and their core values. They consequently feel great shame, guilt and self-condemnation. It can change a person’s beliefs about themself and the world around them

What are the 4 cardinal virtues?

Prudence (defined as wisdom, judgement, discernment of true north), fortitude (strength, endurance, bravery, toughness), temperance (discipline, moderation, self-control), justice (right relationships, rendering a person his or her due)

How to address all 4 domains of fitness?

Physical: compound movements which target all 7 movement types. Mental: decision-making under fatigue and stress. Spiritual: team-building and purpose-driven training aligned with mental rehearsal. Social: team-based workouts, mentoring.

What are the core principles of operating in harsh environmental conditions?

Adaptation, preparation, awareness, flexibility. Must understand physiological responses to extreme temperatures, altitude and humidity, recognize early signs of environmental injuries, implement appropriate preventive measures and treatments, maintain operational effectiveness and manage environmental stress, lead and care for subordinates in difficult conditions.

What is combat?

A violent conflict between opposing forces where each seeks to impose its will upon the other with use of organized force

What is war?

A violent clash of interests between or among organized groups with use of military force

What is the nature of war?

War is characterized by friction, uncertainty, fluidity and disorder. It’s a fundamentally human enterprise where moral and mental forces are supreme

What is the spectrum of conflict?

The range of different military operations from stable peace to unstable to insurgency to general war. It may also encompass low-intensity conflicts, mid-intensity conflicts and high-intensity conflicts

What are the different levels of war?

Strategic, operational and tactical. Operational links strategic and tactical because tactical means are used to achieve strategic ends.

What are the principles of war?

Objective, offensive, mass, economy of force, maneuver, unity of command, security, surprise, simplicity

What are maneuver warfare concepts?

Speed, combined arms, decentralized decision-making, tempo, main effort, surfaces and gaps, reserve, reconnaissance and security, fire and movement

What are the 6 tactical tenets?

Achieving a decision, gaining an advantage, being faster, adapting, cooperating, exploiting success and finishing

What are stresses of combat?

Danger, fear, exhaustion, privation (hardship and deprivation), uncertainty, friction, disorder

How is the nature of war both timeless and everchanging?

The nature of war is timeless in that it is always a conflict between two opposing wills, however, it’s ever changing because technologies and strategies have changed and evolved over the years, making war different in modern times than it has in the past.

How do war and policy relate?

Politics restricts military action by virtue of providing the ends to which military action are aimed at. All military action serves policy goals.

What is the spectrum of war?

Conflict is on a spectrum varying by magnitudes of violence with different levels: strategic, tactical and operational

How do the different levels of war relate?

Strategic (policy objectives and goals), tactical (lowest level: how to accomplish mission in combat or military obligations) and operational (link between strategic and tactical: how to win campaigns). Tactical means aimed for a strategic end.

What is the difference between attrition and maneuver warfare?

Maneuver warfare describes circumventing the problem and attacking it from a position of advantage. Attrition warfare describes the cumulative destruction of material assets

How are attrition and maneuver warfare similar?

Both require speed (rapid action) and focus (generation of superior combat power at a specific time and place). They also require a certain amount of surprise and boldness. Boldness is the willingness to accept risks often to achieve surprise. Boldness contributes to achieving surprise.

What roles do PME and training have in preparing for war?

PME develops creative thinking leaders whereas education develops understanding, creativity and military judgment. PME schools are admin provided by the USMC to provide formal education in art and science of war

What is the commander’s aim and how is it different from the individual’s?

The commander’s aim is to see the development of subordinates as a direct reflection on themselves.

Why should an officer study the profession of arms?

It is important for an officer to study the profession of arms in order to understand their role, responsibilities and to develop their mind as their principal weapon for fulfilling their duties. An officer must be both technically and tactically proficient and capable of doing their job competently and ensuring their subordinates are developed as well.

What does maneuver warfare require?

It requires thinking above one’s own level and acting in accordance with the larger situation in order to incapacitate the enemy via moral, mental, and physical cohesion (not just physical destruction).

Why is firepower so crucial for war?

The greatest effect caused by firepower is the disruption it causes.

What is the purpose of combined arms?

Combined arms integrates arms to give the enemy a dilemma, forcing them to choose one to fight and one to risk being vulnerable to.

What is commander’s intent and its relation to mission tactics?

Commander’s intent is the backbone of the mission, providing the commander’s vision for their desired end state to subordinates. It relates to mission tactics through it’s provision of a goal to be accomplished, but not a specific means. This allows subordinates the freedom to assume the responsibility for achieving the goal at a high tempo with decentralized command and control and allows them to exercise judgment and initiative.

What does it mean for a unit to be the main effort?

To be the main effort, a unit is assigned the primary responsibility for achieving the mission, converging the combat power of force.

What are the 4 domains of Marine fitness?

Physical, mental, spiritual, social

What are the 7 foundational movements?

Push, pull, squat, hinge, lunge, plank, rotation

What should a sound fitness program accomplish?

It should address both flexibility and mobility, have proper nutrition, aid in recovery, regeneration and assist with injury prevention

Thermoregulation

Elevated core body temperature which lowers the tissue viscosity of muscles, tendons and ligaments