Florida Biology EOC

Abiotic

An environmental factor not associated with or derived from living organisms.

Activation Energy

The least amount of energy required to start a particular chemical reaction.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

An organic compound that is composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups. It serves as a source of energy for many metabolic processes. It releases energy when it is broken down into ADP and phosphate by hydrolysis during cell metabolism.

Aerobic

Occurring in the presence of oxygen or requiring oxygen to live. Example: This type of respiration, which is the is the process used by the cells in most organisms, the production of energy from glucose metabolism requires the presence of oxygen.

Anaerobic

Occurring in the absence of oxygen or not requiring oxygen to live. Example: This type of bacteria produce energy from food molecules without the presence of oxygen.

Asexual Reproduction

A form of reproduction in which new individuals are formed without the involvement of gametes.

Biotechnology

The manipulation (as through genetic engineering) of living organisms or their components to produce useful usually commercial products (as pest resistant crops,new bacterial strains, or novel pharmaceuticals).

Biotic

Factors in an environment relating to, caused by, or produced by living organisms.

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up or slows down the rate of a reaction without being consumed or altered.

Cell

The smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning, consisting of cytoplasm and various organelles, all surrounded by a semipermeable membrane and sometimes a wall.

Chromosome

A structure in living cells that consists of a single molecule of DNA bonded to various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity.

Codominant

Relating to two alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote that are both fully expressed.

Consumer

An organism that feeds on other organisms for food.

Decomposer

Any organism that feeds or obtains nutrients by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid; a nucleic acid that is genetic material; present in all organisms.

Dominance

A characteristic in which an allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele

Embryology

The branch of biology that deals with the formation, early growth, and development of living organisms.

Enzyme

Any of numerous proteins produced in living cells that accelerate or catalyze chemical reactions

Evolution

A theory that the various types of species arise from pre-existing species and that distinguishable characteristics are due to modifications through successive generations.

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

Gamete

a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Haploid

Having a single set of each chromosome in a cell or cell nucleus. In most animals, only the gametes (reproductive cells) are this.

Hominid

A group of primates of the family Hominidae, which includes modern humans.

Law

A statement that describes invariable relationships among phenomena under a specified set of conditions.

Meiosis

The process of nuclear division in cells during which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.

Cell Membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Mutation

A change in genetic sequence.

Natural Selection

The theory stating every organism displays slight variations from related organisms and these variations make an organism more or less suited for survival and reproduction in specific habitats.

Nonrenewable Resource

A resource that can only be replenished over millions of years.

pH

The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Photosynthesis

A chemical process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates (sugar).

Producer

An organism, usually a plant or bacterium, that produces organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules and energy (typically light energy) from the environment.

Recessive

trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

Theory

A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.

Tissue

Similar cells acting to perform a specific function.

Vaccine

A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

Virus

A non living agent of infectious disease that is capable of growth only in living cells.

Uterus

where a fertilized egg attaches and where the fetus develops

Fallopian Tubes

where the egg and sperm meet to become fertilized, transports ova from the ovaries to the uterus

Ovaries

where female gametes develop prior to fertilization

Cervix

connects the uterus to the vagina

Urethra

to release sperm, used for expulsion of urine

Epididymis

where sperm leaves the testes and enters the vas deferens

Vas Deferens

where sperm mixes with other fluids before reaching the urethra

Testes

produces sperm and testosterone

How many chromosomes does an egg contain? What process accomplishes this?

23 chromosomes; Meiosis 1 & 2

How many chromosomes does a sperm contain? What process accomplishes this?

23; Meiosis 1 & 2

Zygote

fertilized egg

When do we begin to call the developing human a fetus?

at about 5 weeks of pregnancy

What are the major developments during each trimester

1st Trimester: heart, brain, intestines, pancreas, kidneys, liver are forming. Arms, legs, hair, fingernails, toenails, structure of bronchi begin to develop. Lenses of the eye appear.

2nd Trimester: bones and joints form, first movements, brain undergoes rapid growth, eyes open and blink

3rd Trimester: Fetus responds to light and sound outside of uterus, periods of dreaming, bones hardening and growing, lungs complete development, fetus turns head down.

Food web

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Food chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

trophic level

Each step in a food chain or food web

Parasitism

When one organism benefits while the other is harmed. Ex. Tick and Dog. :) :(

Mutualism

When both organisms benefits from the relationship.

Ex. Bee and Flower. :) :)

Commensalism

One organism is benefited while the other is not affected. :) :l

Ex. Whale and Barnacles

Predation

When an organism benefits while the other is killed.

Ex. Wolf and Rabbit :) X(

symbiotic relationship

The relationship between two species that live in close association with each other

Nitrogen fixation

When atmospheric nitrogen is broken down by lighting and bacteria that would turn to ammonia. Then, it goes into the ground to the roots where the plants that do this are called Legumes plants. Then ammonia turn to nitrates that can be used for food.

What is a decomposer?

A decomposer is an organism that gets its energy by breaking down dead organisms. Examples are bacteria, mushroom, vultures etc.

nitrogen cycle

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Polymers

molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules

Carbohydrates

CHO. Biomolecule for sugar, its monomer is glucose. Polymers include Cellulose, Glycogen and Starch. Its job is to give short-term energy.

Lipids

CHO. Biomolecule for fat, its monomer is triglyceride. It is hydrophobic, and examples include steroids, oils, fats and waxes.

Protein

CHON. Biomolecule for muscle, its monomer is amino acid. Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes) and act as hormones.

Nucleic Acid

CHONP Its monomer is nucleotide and it stores genetic information. It has DNA (holds the code) and RNA (help to build the protein by sing the codes)

What are elements in biomolecules/macromolecules?

C: Carbon

H: Hydrogen

O: Oxygen

N: Nitrogen

P: Phosphate

Note: All biomolecules have Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

Photosythsis

When a Autotroph (organism that makes its own food like plants) use this formula:

H2o+Co2 with Sunlight= C6H12O6 and O2

Chloroplast

A green pigment of the plant cell. This is the construction site of photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll which contains thylakoid.

Chlorophyll/Thylakoid

Site where photosynthesis occurs.

Stomata

Tubes that exchange Oxygen and Carbon dioxide.

Xylem

Tubes that transport water from the roots to the leaves.

Pholem

Tubes that transport nutrients and water

light-dependent reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle

alcoholic fermentation

A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

Glycosis

When the cytoplasm breaks down the glucose to make 2 molecules of ATP and the glucose become pruvate.

Kerb Cycle

In the mitochondria that finish the breakdown of glucose.Make 2 molecules of ATP.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP

ATP

Adensocine Phosphate that have bonds that create energy.

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

double helix

The shape of a DNA molecule

DNA Replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

Cell Cycle

The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo

Interphase (G1,S, G2)

Period of the cell cycle where a cell is not dividing. The cell grows and duplicates DNA and organelles to prepare for division.

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Prophase

When the chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappeared.

Metaphase

When the chromosomes goes cross the equator or middle of the cell.

Anaphase

When the spindle fibers from the centrioles from each end pulls a sister chromosome.

Telophase

When the cell divide. The animal cell makes a furrow or pinch while the plant cell makes a cell plate.

Cytokinesis

When the new cell are divided.

Homozygous

Same alleles. Ex AA bb

Heterozygous

Different alleles. Ex Aa Bb

Alleles

variation of a gene. Ex. like different kinds of ice cream, in genetics would be the color of eyes.

Dominant

The allele that is expressed in genes. Ex. A B C D E

Recessive

The allele that is expressed, only if there are no dominant allele. The allele that is masked by the dominant.

Independent Assorment

When the first allele bonds with the third and fourth allele. Then, the second allele bonds with the third and fourth again.