chemistry regents review

the order of the atomic models from oldest to newest

hard sphere - plum pudding- e stem- eave mechanical

gold foil expireament proved

nucleus is small dense and positive, volume is empty space

particles of nucleus

proton positive, electron negative

mass of an atom consist

numbers of protons and neutrons

charge of nucleus

positive

charge of atom

neutral

charge of ion is either

positive lose e- , negative gain e-

these electrons are responsible for properties and bonding patterns

valence e- last shell has highest energy

mass of electrons

negligible

the energy to remove an electron is called ……… and you look up the values o…..

ionization energy , table s

teh attraction that an atom has fro an electron in a bond is called…………….. you look it up on table ……… The dfference in two value is helps determine Bond……….

electronegativity, table s, polarity

the size of an atom is known as the atom’s ………

radius

the biggest atoms are in the ……………. left corner of the periodic table

bottom

noble gases do not react because they have ………… valence elevtron

eight

atoms bonds and from ions because….. valence electrons are more4 stable

eight

how to find the number of neutrons ? substrac …… from the ……

protons , mass

average atomic mass is based on both ………. and the mass of each naturally occurring isotopes

% abundance

the average atomic mass represents the average mass of … mole of atomes

1 ( 6.02 × 10²³)

when electrons move from the ……….. state to the ground state color/ light is ………….

excited, emitted

order of penetrating power

alpha, beta, gamma

order of mass

gamma, beta, alpha ( most ionizing)

mass, charge and energy must be …..

consereved

ionic bonds a metal……….. an electron to a nonmetal

transfers

covalent bonds two nonmetals ………… a pair electrons

share

share equally ……….

non polar covalent

share unequally

polar covalent

symmetrical electrons distributions in a molecule ………

non polar

asymmetrical electrons distributions ina molecule ………

polar

which type of molecules have strong imf

polar ( high BP)

ionic compounds have ………… melting point

high

ionic compound conduct electricity when they are ………..

dissolved iin water

molecular compounds have ……….. bonds

covalent

molecular compounds have …… meltiong point

low

h-h is a …………… bond

non polar

h-cl is a ………….. bond

polar covalent

Nacl is a …………… bond

ionic

NaNo3 is ……………. bonds

ionic and covalent

fission splits heavy isotopes into smaller one. The waste is …….

toxic

fusion combines very light isotopes into heavier isotopes the waste is …….

non toxic

MELP helps stands for

metals electrons lose - positive smaller oxidation

so non metals

gain electrons, become negative, get bigger ( reduction

FON for hydrogen bonding which is an extra strong …………..

IMF

positives attract …………

negative

important physical properties include …………………… and solubility

density, mp, BP

chemical properties must involve a chemical ……..

reaction

if the current temp is above the substance’s melting point but below the BP then the substance is a …..

liquid

if the current temp is above the BP then the substance is a ………

gas

if the current temp is below the melting point then the substance is ….

a solid

during a phase change …… energy changes, …… stays the same because the temperature is ………

potential, kinetic, constant

a catalyst speeds up a reaction a reaction because it …

lowers the activation energy

avrgage kinetic energy

temperature

entropy is …….. gas has higher entropy

disorder

compounds and elements are homogenous

pure substance

mixtures are homogenous or ….

heterogenous

all solutions(..) are …. mictures

aq, homogenous

hoomogenous means ……… distributed

uniformly

to get out of kilo multiply by ….

1000

to get out of milli divide by…..

1000

mixtures are ……. combinations with ….. composition

phsyical , variable

compounds are………. combinations with ……… composition

chemical, fixed

alkaes are ……… hydrocarbons because they they contain all single bonds

saturated

alkene and alkyne are

unsaturated

alkanes preform……… with a halogen

substitute

alkene and alkyne preform …… with a halogen

addition

every organic compound preform …… with oxygen to make ….. and …

combustion, co2 , h2o

use table R to dealw with organic compounds that are not ….

hydrocarbons

isomers have the same…….. formula but different…… formula

molecular, structural

isotopes have the same ….. and diff …..

protom number and neutron number

fast reaction rates go eith ……. temp… molarity…. surface area because there will be …… collisions

high, high, large, more

molarity is a measure of ……

concentration

RECC means at equilibrium … are equal and…. constant

rates, concentration

le Chatelier add on one side shift to the …….

other

reactants combine together form …. as they combine their amount goes … because they are turning into new substance

products, down

electrolytes …… bases and ……

acide, salts

eletrolyte conduct due to the presence of mobile….

ions

alcohols and sugar are ……..

non electrolytes

table K and L gives names and formulas of …… and …..

acids , bases

acuds donates ……… bases accepts

electrons, e

hgih ph means……. hydronium

low

low ph means ……. hydronium

high

ph 5 is ….x more acidic than pH of 7

100

the universe favors ……. reactions that … entropy . moves towards lower … and more…..

exothermic , increase, enery, disorder

leo

lsoe e , oxidation

ger

gain e reduction

anox

anode, oxidation

redcat

cathode, reduction

reduction half reaction electrons are …. and the charge goes…

gaines, down