Gene Expression & Biotechnology

Polymerase chain reaction

________:: produces many copies of DNA without using a cell.

Totipotency

________:: ability of a cell to divide & produce multiple differentiated cells in an organism.

Vectors

________:: desired genes stored and delivered with viruses, bacteria, etc.

tryptophan

When ________ is present, it acts as a corepressor and binds to the repressor.

Microarray

________:: denatured DNA is placed in a gel electrophoresis, single stranded DNA with desired sequence is radioactively tagged and place in gel, if it finds a match the glowing probe and attached DNA will be visible.

MicroRNA fragments

________:: bind to complementary mRNA and silence it by preventing translation.

Nucleosome

________:: structural unit of chromosomes, consists of DNA coiled around histones.

HOX genes

________:: control body plans /where parts go in an organism (ex.

Nuclear transplantation

________:: cloning, entire DNA of an organism is used to produce another organism that is genetically identical.

Transposon

________: repetitive DNA sequence that can move locations, introduces new combinations of DNA → genetic diversity.

Chromatin

________:: consists of DNA, forms chromosomes.

Heterochromatin

________:: very tightly packed DNA, so it has less transcription.

Acetylation

________:: loosens chromatin, promotes initiation of transcription.

Methylation

________:: condenses chromatin, less transcription.

Repressor

________ attaches to the operator & blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing genes that digest lactose.

Acetylation

loosens chromatin, promotes initiation of transcription

Methylation

condenses chromatin, less transcription

epigenetic inheritance

inheriting traits because of factors outside of nucleotide sequence

chromatin

consists of DNA, forms chromosomes

heterochromatin

very tightly packed DNA, so it has less transcription

totipotency

ability of a cell to divide & produce multiple differentiated cells in an organism

nuclear transplantation

cloning, entire DNA of an organism is used to produce another organism that is genetically identical

gene duplication

duplication of DNA that contains a gene, type of chromosomal mutation

operon

cluster of genes transcribed together → mRNA → proteins, typically in prokaryotes

recombinant DNA

sticky cut DNA fragments can be recombined in different orders, sealed by ligase

vectors

desired genes stored and delivered with viruses, bacteria, etc

polymerase chain reaction

produces many copies of DNA without using a cell

plasmid based transformation

exogenous/artificial DNA can be placed in a host cell to carry out desired functions