Psychology 289: Exam 3 Study Material - University of Nebraska Lincoln

causes and consequences of obesity in middle childhood? what interventions have most success

leads to bullying, eating disorders, social isolation, depression

interventions: school based, nutrition classes, P.E.

concrete operational stage

development of logical thought, struggle with abstract ideas

reversibility

reversing an operation in your head

classification

better understanding of hierarchical classification

seriation

order sticks from shortest to longest

decentration

same amount of water in two different size glasses is still the same amount of water

piaget got right

children approach problems in more organized, rational ways

piaget got wrong

discontinuous development

changes in middle childhood

increased speed of info processing, memory influenced

rehearsal

early grade school, repetition of speech

organization

early grade school, grouping info organize by color

elaboration

end of middle childhood, create relationship between 2 parts of info

ADHD characteristics/solutions

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

combo of drug therapy and environmental interventions are best

developmental stage occurs in middle childhood?

identity vs. role confusion

commit to goals vs. no goals

change of self concept in middle childhood

change from "blonde hair blue eyes" to "I am funny and smart"

what influences self concept

cognitive development, perspective taking skills, feedback from others, parenting styles, culture

social comparisons

judgments of one's appearance, abilities, behavior in relation to others

how does culture affect self concept

children begin to judge themselves and others

what are peer groups, how are they influenced

formed by people close together with similar interests

members of the group may feel pressured to fit into the norms

characteristics of friendships in middle childhood

4-7 children share activities and begin to like each other

8-10 children provide assistance to one another, trustworthy

11-15 the tweens begin to get intimate, loyal

categories of peer acceptance

popular prosocial, popular antisocial, rejected aggressive, rejected withdrawn

popular prosocial

liked by many, good kids

popular antisocial

popular, otw to being disliked, bullies, manipulating

rejected aggressive

physical force, dominate peers, at risk for delinquency

rejected withdrawn

socially anxious, knows people don't like them, at risk for depression

co regulation

form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment by moment decision making

impact of divorce and blended families

drop in school performance, children blame selves, boys benefit from presence of male figure, girls do not adjust well to mothers remarriage

puberty

rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence

primary sexual characteristics

maturation of reproductive organs, menarche, spermarche

secondary sexual characteristics

facial, pubic hair

menarche

first menstrual period

spermarche

first ejaculation of sperm containing fluid

secular trend

decrease across generations in mean age or puberty

typical age for female puberty

11

typical age for male puberty

13

effects of early and late: male

early: popular, confident

late: unpopular, talkative, attention seeking

effects of early and late: female

early: unpopular, low confidence

late: popular, sociable

formal operational stage

abstract reasoning (11 years old)

hypo deductive reasoning

deducting a hypothesis from a general theory

propositional thought

evaluating the logic of verbal propositions

imaginary audience

a child may feel like they are being evaluated all the time

personal fable

certain that others are observing and thinking about them

illusion of invulnerability

creating excessive optimism and encouraging risk taking

key psychosocial crisis of adolescent age

identity vs role confusion

role of self concept in adolescents search for identity

place more emphasis on social virtues

four identity statuses

identity achievement, identity moratorium, identity foreclosure, identity diffusion

identity achievement

commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration

identity moratorium

exploration without having reached commitment

identity foreclosure

commitment in the absence of exploration

identity diffusion

apathetic state characterized by lack of exploration and commitment

how does self esteem change during adolescence? what factors are important in shaping this trajectory?

rises for most kids, authoritative parenting, feeling capable, personable, attractive

kohlberg's three general levels

pre conventional, conventional, post conventional

stage 1, punishment and obedience orientation

children believe authority figures know best, consequences determine if something is good or bad, children obey authorities to avoid punishment

stage 2, instrumental purpose

what is right will satisfy the child's needs

stage 3, good boy good girl (morality of interpersonal cooperation)

look to social/family norms for guidance, focuses on other people's views, want to win the approval of others

stage 4, social order maintaining

the law is right

stage 5, social contract stage

laws/society's expectations are good as long as they do not harm individuals; laws that compromise human rights are unjust

stage 6, universal ethical principles stage

highest stage of moral reasoning, justice compassion, and equality are chosen over society's guidelines, reasons by taking perspective by everyone that could be affected

criticisms of kohlberg's theory

applies to men more than women, doesn't address cultural differences, dilemmas unrealistic

gilligan's view of moral development

caring for others orientation, ethic of care

how to influence/promote moral reasoning

increased peer interaction: increasingly learn to take another's perspective, become more autonomous in their thinking

how do relationships with parents change during adolescence

parental monitoring is important, need authoritative parenting

adolescent friendships

context for self exploration and working out personal problems

clique

friendship groups that children voluntarily form themselves (similarities)

crowd

group of adolescents who have similar stereotyped reputations, they don't choose where they are put

romantic relationships in adolescence

develop from mixed group activities

effects of drugs, depression, delinquency

leads to suicide, low self esteem, blame themselves

why are adolescents prone to taking risks

unsure of consequences, peers, more freedom