quiz 15- cancer medicine(oncology)

inflammatory

having the features of inflammation- redness, swelling, heat

necrotic

containing dead tissue

diffuse

spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue

cauterization

destruction of tissue by burning- electrocauterization, laser, dry ice, chemicals

core needle biopsy

placement of a large-bore needle that extracts a core of tissue

excisional biopsy

removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue. procedure provides a specimen for diagnosis and may be curative for small noninvasive tumors

fine needle aspiration

placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extraction of cells for microscopic evaluation

incisional biopsy

piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis. more extensive surgery procedure or other forms of treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, are then used to treat the bulk of the tumor

brachytherapy

small, sealed containers or seed of radioactive material are inserted directly into the tumor or into a cavity of the tumor

external beam irradation(teletherapy)

radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source

stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS)

single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise, stereotactic 3D guidance. performed at multiple angles to destroy vascular abnormalities and small tumors in the brain or other sites

cancer chemotherapy

treatment of cancer using chemicals(drugs)

benign tumor

noncancerous growth(neoplasm)

carcinogens

agents that cause cancer: chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses

carcinoma

cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin

chemotherapy

treatment with drugs that kill tumor cells

immunotherapy

cancer treatment using immune cells and antibodies to kill tumor cells- CAR-T cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors

malignant tumor

tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis

metastasis

spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site

morbidity

condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function

neoplasm

new growth; benign or malignant tumor

palliative

relieving but not curing symptoms

radiation

energy carried by a stream of particles

radiation therapy

treatment of tumors using doses of radiation; radiation oncology, radiotherapy

relapse

recurrence of tumor after treatment

remission

absence of signs and symptoms of disease(tumor)

sarcoma

cancerous tumor derived from connective tissue or flesh tissue

virus

infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to makes copies of itself

mammography

uses low dose x-rays to visualize breast tissue

barium sulfate

radiopaque substance that is mixed in water and used for examination of the upper and lower GI tract

upper GI series(UGI)

involved oral ingestion of barium sulfate so that the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum can be visualized

small bowel follow-through(SBFT)

traces the passage of barium in a sequential manner as it moves through the small intestine

barium enema(BE)

study is a lower GI series that opacifies the lumen(passageway) of the large intestine using an enema containing barium sulfate

double-contrast study

uses both a radiopaque and a radiolucent contrast medium

iodine compounds

radiopaque fluids containing up to 50% iodine

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)

injecting contrast directly into the common bile duct

intraoperative cholangiography

surgery of the gallbladder or biliary tract

digital subtraction angiography(DSA)

x-ray image of contrast-injected blood vessels is produced by taking 2 x-ray pictures(1st without contrast) and using a computer to subtract obscuring shadows from the 2nd image

hysterosalpingography

x-ray record of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes is obtained after injection of contrast material through the vagina and into the endocervical canal

myelography

x-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast agent into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord

urography

taking x-ray images of the urinary tract after injecting contrast

fluoroscopy

use of x-rays and a fluorescent screen to produce real-time video images

sonogram

record produced by ultrasound imaging

echocardiography

sound waves are used to image the structure of the heart

doppler ultrasound

method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow

gadolinium

contrast agent most commonly used in MRI

posteroanterior(PA) view

most commonly requested chest x-ray view, x-rya travel from posteriorly placed source to anteriorly placed detector

anteroposterior(AP) view

x-rays travel from an anteriorly placed source to a posteriorly placed detector

lateral view

in a left lateral view, x-rays travel from a source located to the right of the patient to a detector placed to left of the patient

oblique view

x-ray travel in slanting direction at an angle from the perpendicular plane, show regions or structures ordinarily hidden or superimposed in routine PA and AP views

decubitus

lying down (lateral position is lying down on side)

eversion

turning outward

inversion

turning inward

recumbent

lying down(prone or supine)

PET-CT scan

scan combines PET and CT techniques to produce a more accurate image than PET or CT alone. can detect cancer and metases, especially to see if cancer is responding to treatment

PET-MRI scan

combine magnetic resonance imaging with positron tomography

computed tomography(CT)

diagnostic x-ray procedure whereby a cross-sectional image of a specific body segment is produced

contrast studies

radiopaque materials are injected to obtain contrast between tissues that would be indistinguishable from one another

gamma camera

high-energy rays emitted by radioactive substances used in tracer studies

half-life

time required for a radioactive substance to lose half its radioactivity by disintegration

interventional radiography

therapeutic or diagnostic procedures performed by a radiologist

ionization

transformation of electrically neutral substances into electrically charged particles. x-rays cause ionization of particles within tissues

magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)

magnetic field and radio waves produce sagittal, coronal, and axial images of the body

nuclear medicine

medical specialty that uses radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

positron emission tomography(PET)

positron- emitting radioactive substances given intravenously create a cross-sectional image of cellular metabolism based on local concentration of the radioactive substance

radioisotope/ radionuclide

radioactive form of an element substance

radiology

medical specialty concerned with the study of x-rays and their use in the diagnosis of disease

radiolucent

permitting the passage of x-rays- appear black on x-ray images

radiopaque

obstructing the passage of x-rays- appear white on x-ray images

single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)

radioactive tracer is injected intravenously and a computer reconstructs a 3D image based on composite of many views

ultrasonography(US, U/S)

diagnostic technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the body

ultrasound transducer

handheld device that sends and receives ultrasound signals

uptake

rate of absorption of a radionuclide into an organ or tissue

Is/o

same

-graphy

process of recording

-lucent

to shine

-opaque

obscure

Ba

barium

DICOM

digital image communication in medicine- standard protocol for storage and transmission of images between imaging devices

PACS

picture archival and communications system- provides storage and access for images from multiple modalities