Levels of Consciousness

Altered states of consciousness

Exist on many levels of awareness ranging from high awareness to no awareness.

Controlled Processes

The highest level of awareness that requires maximum attention.

Automatic Processes

Involve minimal attention and awareness.

Subconscious

A level of consciousness that is below the conscious awareness.

Sleep

A biological process that occurs in cycles, including various stages of consciousness.

Circadian Rhythms

Biological processes that repeat approximately every 24 hours.

SCN (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus)

A part of the brain that regulates sleep and alertness levels.

Non-Rem Sleep Cycles

Consists of four stages of sleep before entering REM.

REM Sleep

Rapid Eye Movement sleep; the stage of sleep where dreaming occurs.

Adaptation/Protection Theory

The theory proposing that sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect from predators.

Repair/Restoration Theory

The theory that sleep allows organisms to recuperate from daily activities.

Growth Theory

Deep sleep is correlated with physical development according to this theory.

Learning Theory

The theory suggesting that sleep is important for information retention and absorption.

Sleep Deprivation

The failure to get enough sleep, leading to negative effects on health.

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by the inability to sleep or stay asleep.

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder where breathing stops during sleep, leading to frequent awakenings.

Narcolepsy

A chronic sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable daytime sleepiness and REM sleep attacks.

Psychoactive Drugs

Substances that influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behaviors.

Addictive Drugs

Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence.

Withdrawal Symptoms

Painful psychological and physiological reactions when a drug is discontinued.

Stimulants

Drugs that raise heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension, such as caffeine and cocaine.

Depressants

Substances that impede the nervous system, causing neurons to fire more slowly.

Narcotics

Drugs that increase relaxation, relieve pain, and affect sleep.

Hallucinogens

Psychedelic drugs capable of producing hallucinations and altered perceptions.

Factors influencing addictive potential

Include the speed of effects, pleasure derived, duration of effects, and discomfort upon discontinuation.