B1

Eukaryotic Cell

• Contains genetic material in nucleus

• Complex + relatively large

• Plant and animal cells

Prokaryotic Cells

• No nucleus

• Genetic material floats in cytoplasm

• Simple small cells

• Bacteria cells

Vacuole

Contains cell sap to keep cell rigid and upright

Chloroplasts

Contains chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis

Pili

Allows cell to attach to other structures

Plasmids

Small loops of DNA that can move between cells

Electron Microscope

A microscope that uses electrons to produce an image

Light microscope

A microscope that uses a light to produce an image of a specimen

Transmission Electron Microscope

• Produce most magnified image

• Beam of electrons passes through a very thin slice of sample

Scanning Electron Microscope

• Produces three dimensional image of surface

• Beam of electrons across surface of specimen, reflected electrons connected

DNA

Biological polymer made from nucleotide monomers. Contains all info needed to create an organism.

DNA Structure

• Made of strands made up of lots of monomers

• Joined by hydrogen bonds

• Double Helix

Enzymes

Biological catalyst - speeds up reactions without being used up

Metabolism

The speed at which all chemical reactions take place

Proteins

• Used for growth and repair

• Protease enzymes break

• Monomers - amino acids

Catabolic Reactions

Break larger molecules into smaller ones

Anabolic Reactions

Smaller molecules joined to form larger ones

Factors affecting enzyme reactions

• pH

• Substrate concentration

• Temperature

• Enzyme concentration

Lipids

• Used to make cell membranes, insulation, buoyancy

• Made of 1x glycerol and 3x fatty acids

• Lipase enzymes breaks lipids down

Carbohydrates

• Provide energy used for respiration

• Monomer - glucose molecules

• Breaks carbohydrates down

Aerobic Respiration

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

Anaerobic Respiration

Glucose > Lactic acid

Or

Glucose > Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

Photosynthesis

Enzyme controlled reaction that plants use to produce glucose, occurs in chlorophyll/chloroplasts

Carbon Dioxide + Water > Glucose + Oxygen

How to test for presence of starch

1. Place leaf in boiling water to kill

2. Place leaf into boiling ethanol to remove chlorophyll

3. Wash leaf with ethanol to soften and spread

4. Add few drops of iodine, it will turn blue-black if starch is present

Factors affecting photosynthesis

• Light intensity

• Carbon Dioxide concentration

• Temperature

Rate of photosynthesis

1 / time

Relative light intensity

1 / distance from light source (squared)